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Decomposition of leaf litter by microscopic fungi in anthropogenic habitats
Bukovská, Petra ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
V letech 2006 - 2008 byl na dvou antropogenních stanovištích s výskytem biologické půdní krusty proveden terénní experiment s listovým opadem břízy a modelovou celulózou využívající metodu opadových sáčků. Rychlost dekompozice opadu i celulolytická aktivita byla na obou stanovištích extrémně nízká. Diverzita společenstva mikroskopických hub na opadu, zjišťovaných izolační metodou a metodou inkubace opadu ve vlhkých komůrkách, však byla srovnatelná s diverzitou známou z přirozených lesních ekosystémů temperátního pásma. Také sukcesní změny společenstva hub pozorované na obou lokalitách odpovídaly v základních rysech údajům z jiných typů stanovišť. Metodou ITS-TRFLP kombinovanou s použitím taxonomicky specifických primerů byla odhalena značná diverzita chytridií a naopak jen velmi nízká diverzita bazidiomycetů. Na stanovišti s vyšší mírou antropogenního stresu byla zjištěna nižší diverzita hub, značně odlišná skladba společenstva a nižší dekompoziční aktivita. Na opadu studovaných stanovišť byly pozorovány i druhy, u kterých nebyla dosud známa tolerance k přítomným antropogenním stresům, a druhy dosud nepopsané. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Fungi associated with tree roots
Charvátová, Markéta ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
In contrast to the bulk soil environment, plant roots represent a habitat with higher nutrient availability due to the supply of photosynthesis-derived C-containing compounds. The roots thus support the life of various microorganisms that use such compounds, but the root-associated microbes in the same time may face a limitation in N and P availability. Unlike bacteria, many filamentous fungi are able to transport these compounds from soil and their mycelia thus typically extend into this environment. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a typical example of this nutrition strategy. Tree roots produce exudates, that differ in thein composition for each species and they can also differ among individuals. It causes a high diversity of root-associated fungi. Soil is also inhabited by parasitic and saprotrophic fungi. Composition and activity of microbial communisies in the rhizosphere differ from the bulk soil. This work points at the differences of the rhizosphere and builk soil, the importance mycorrhizal fungi and it presents an overview of fungal species that have been found on the roots of spruce - Picea abies. Key words: fungi, mycorrhiza, soil, rhizosphere, Picea abies
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Northern Bohemia as a potential distribution area of the genus Tuber including summer truffles (Tuber aestivum)
Šťovíček, Václav ; Gryndler, Milan (advisor) ; Jablonský, Ivan (referee)
Truffles are economically important fungi that are naturally present in the territory of the Czech Republic. Their geographical distribution is traditionally documented by the field incidence of fruitbodies. Advanced detection methods, however, enabled us to detect the presence of Tuber spp. at localities without a need for finding the underground fruitbodies. In this work, a molecular genetic detection method based on the polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was used. It enables us to determine the occurrence of members of the genus Tuber including Tuber aestivum in the studied samples. Members of the genus Tuber were detected in 67 cases out of a total of 190 samples. Highly probably, Tuber borchii, Tuber foetidum, Tuber rufum, Tuber dryophilum, Tuber umbilicatum, Tuber huidongense, Tuber oligospermum and Tuber aestivum have been detected. Since the sequence similarity with the closest species is relatively low in some cases, some of the obtained sequences might belong to hitherto unknown truffle species. Environmental factors analyzed explain only a small portion of the variability, acted weakly and cannot be taken as decisive for the presence or the absence of a species in a sample. The occurrence of truffles in the slopes of the study area was noted and it seems to be still more...
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Interaction of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal host plants via ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal and pseudomycorrhizal fungi
Fendrych, Matyáš ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Abstract 9. Abstract Roots of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal plants are believed to be colonized by fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups. However, both frequent isolations of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi from ectomycorrhizal root tips and a few recent studies (Vrålstad et al. 2000, 2002b, Piercey et al. 2002, Hambleton & Sigler 2005) indicate that there is a group of mycobionts colonizing both types of roots. Ectomycorrhizal morphotype Piceirhiza bicolorata was shown to be induced by Meliniomyces sp. belonging to the Rhizoscyphus ericae aggregate (Vrålstad et al. 2000). The ability to colonize roots of potentially ectomycorrhizal and ericoid plants simultaneously was proven in in vitro experiments in the case of Rhizoscyphus ericae (Pirecey et al. 2002) and Cadophora finlandica (VillarrealRuiz et al. 2004). DSE fungi ("dark septate endophytes", formerly termed pseudomycorrhizal) represent another group of mycobionts colonizing both ericoid and potentially ectomycorrhizal plant roots. In the present work, we inoculated roots of ericoid (Vaccinium myrtillus) and potentially ectomycorrhizal plants (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Betula nana) with typically ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and...
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Ecophysiological significance of root-fungus symbioses in Mediterranean seagrasses
Borovec, Ondřej ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Seagrasses are the only group of submerged plants that are permanently growing in marine environment. They play an important role in the sea bottom ecosystem. Seagrasses are primary producers capable of accumulation and deposition of carbon. They influence water flow at the sea bottom and form symbioses with variety of organisms. Our knowledge of symbiotic interactions of seagrasses is still limited even though several studies of the topic have been carried out in recent years. Unlike most of terrestrial plants, seagrasses are generally considered as plants that do not form any specific associations with mycorrhizal or endophytic fungi. Surprisingly, we have discovered a novel fungal endophytic association in roots of Mediterranean endemic seagrass species Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Morphology of this symbiotic fungi strongly resembles common symbiotic fungi of terrestrial plants, dark septate endophytes (DSE). We sampled roots of P. oceanica in large area of the Mediterranean from southeastern Spain to Albania and described range and taxonomical classification of the endophyte using microscopy, in vitro cultivation and molecular determination. Roots of P. oceanica in whole area of study are colonized by mere two endophytic fungal species. Over 90 % of the fungal symbionts belong to a single...
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Importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities for the growth of selected plant species on an abandonned field
Voříšková, Alena ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
The thesis deals with the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on the growth of selected plant species at a locality in České středohoří. This locality is characterized by close neighborhood of a semi-natural dry grassland and a former field abandonned in the 1990s, typical for the mosaic of biotopes in the region. The study is based on previous findings that some plant species, which are common at the semi-natural dry grasslands, do not colonize the abandoned fields. As AM is an important factor affecting diversity and productivity of plant communities we hypothesized that this phenomenon could be related to changes in AM fungal communities at the abandoned field. The hyphothesis was tested in a greenhouse pot experiment with three taxonomically related pairs of plant species, always one species growing at the abandoned field and the second one not. Growth and phosphorus uptake of the plants was followed in soils of both biotopes after factorial inoculation with AM fungal communities from both biotopes. The experiment was complemented by description of AM fungal communities in the roots of six plant species pairs from the locality using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The greenhouse experiment revealed positive mycorrhizal response in all plant species, but the origin...
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