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Bacteria associated with decomposing deadwood
Tláskal, Vojtěch ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Bárta, Jiří (referee)
Deadwood is a hotspot of microbial diversity and its decomposition contributes to carbon and nitrogen cycling in temperate forests. The historically recognized importance of fungi in the decomposition of deadwood has recently been complemented by the description of bacterial functions thanks to the rapid progress of culture-independent methods based on the analysis of nucleic acids. To study different aspects of deadwood decomposition, a temperate mixed forest in Zofinsky prales National Nature Reserve was selected as a site with rich historical forestry data where deadwood decomposition represents an important process in wood turnover. The aim of this thesis is to describe role of bacteria in deadwood decomposition at fine scale resolution with respect to community composition, enzyme transcription, and metabolic potential of dominant species. Effects of deadwood age together with pH and water content on the bacterial community composition proved to be more important than tree species identity. Bacteria showed distinct composition between early and late community in decomposing deadwood. The bacterial community was also under a significant influence of fungal community composition. Despite being in a close contact, bacterial and fungal communities differed significantly between deadwood and the...
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Assembly, successional development and functioning of microbial communities in deadwood
Bernardová, Natálie ; Brabcová, Vendula (advisor) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
Dead wood is one of the most important reservoirs associated with forest ecosystems. In natural forests, its volume is counted in hundreds of m3 ha-1 , whereas it reaches only tens of m3 ha-1 in productive commercial forests. In contrast to soil and plant litter, deadwood is unevenly distributed on the forest floor. The specific physicochemical properties such as high content of recalcitrant polymers, low nitrogen level and impermeability negatively affect the rate of decomposition especially in the initial stages of wood deconstruction. The deadwood decomposition is very slow in comparisons with other substrates, it accumulates and thus it represents the important reservoir of nutrients. This thesis is focused on the structure, development and function of microbial (fungal) community in decomposing deadwood in unmanaged forest. Functional screening of fungi isolated from fruit bodies collected from coarse deadwood was set aside. Physico-chemical properties of deadwood including pH, carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were estimated for four wood decomposition stages and three different tree species. New generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform) was applied for fungal community structure analysis based on ITS2 fragment. Fungal functional screening was based on physico-chemical...
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Dynamika rozkladu tlejícího dřeva v přirozených temperátních lesích
Přívětivý, Tomáš
The decomposition dynamics of deadwood was investigated using robust 40-years-long temporal dataset and physical properties of decaying logs in alluvial, fir-beech and fir-spruce-beech natural forests. While the downed logs of most alluvial tree species are decomposed in 23-42 years depending on DBH, the large-sized logs of Quercus robur had a residence time 73 years. Deadwood of Fagus sylvatica decomposed completely in 30-53 years and Abies alba in 53-95 years depending on the macroclimatic conditions and DBH. Deadwood of Picea abies had a decomposition time 58-81 years on the site of a mountain mixed forest. In addition, the effect of the mortality mode and position of logs on the decomposition time was confirmed. Evaluation of deadwood density on sampled logs showed that the remaining mass (decay rate) varies greatly between the logs with the same values of time since death. This confirmed the need for robust data for observations about deadwood decomposition.
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Ecology of deadwood-associated fungi in the ecosystems of nature-like forests
Zrůstová, Petra ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Konopásek, Ivo (referee)
Dead wood plays an important role in forest ecosystems in the context of C dynamics, nutrient cycling, forest regeneration and biodiversity. Decaying wood sustains biodiversity by providing habitats and energy for fungi, bacteria, invertebrates, and many other organisms. Dead wood is resistant to decomposition and its decay is driven mainly by filamentous fungi. Community structure of wood- inhabiting fungi changes during decomposition, but the relationship between substrate quality and decomposer community is still poorly understood. This work studied fungal community composition with respect to tree species, stage of decay, volume and physico-chemical properties (such as pH, carbon and nitrogen content) of dead wood. Fungi were identified using next generation sequencing approaches - 454-pyrosequencing and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Tree species, volume of dead wood (branches x logs) and stage of decay were the main variables affecting fungal community composition. Higher enzyme activities and content of fungal biomass indicate faster colonization of small branches than tree trunks by fungi. Fungal community composition, wood chemical properties and enzyme activities changed during decomposition. Both content of nitrogen and fungal biomass increased during decomposition. Enzyme activites peaked...
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Dynamics of mountain spruce forest focused on natural regenaration development
Červenka, Jaroslav ; Svoboda, Miroslav (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
Disturbances have a major impact on the dynamic of forest ecosystems. However, there is lack of its exact consequences for mountain spruce forests in Central Europe. In 2007 heavy windstorm damaged a lot of stands in Šumava NP, subsequent bark beetle outbreak resulted in a large-scale dieback of spruce stands in this area. We took advantage of this opportunity. This study is focused on disintegration and structure of stands after the severe disturbance and in next step is focused on density and structure of natural regeneration in these stands. In addition we dealt with spruce regeneration (Picea Abies (L.) Karst.) on decaying logs. We compared two localities, disturbed (NP Šumava) and undisturbed site (CHKO Jeseníky). We concentrated on the change in saplings densities and on impact of decaying logs characteristic on this change. Finally we wanted to determinate impact of decaying logs characteristic on density of spruce regeneration. In area of Trojmezná we recorded 99 % mortality of parent stands. We founded only a few of adult tress which survived the disturbance, in addition we found several new trees, most of them with diameter about 10 cm. Live trees (DBH > 7 cm) reach density 16 trees per ha. The amount of dead wood was 2.5 times higher than before 10 years, one third were lying logs. Only natural regeneration of Norway spruce and rowan (Sorbus acuparia L.) was founded. Regeneration recruitments occurred in sufficient numbers, mostly on mosses (32 %), dead wood (27 %) and the nearest neighbourhoods of living mature trees or snags (28 %). Advance regeneration occupied 88 % of all regeneration. The density of individuals was similar along the elevation gradient. But in lower elevation of study area was situated higher regeneration recruitment then in the higher parts. With increasing elevation gradient regeneration was more homogenous in height and was lower. Best conditions for spruce regeneration provides logs with the largest diameters and logs with presence of white fungi Armillaria spp. or Phellinus nigrolimitatus. On the other hand logs with presence of Fomitopsis pinicola do not provide a suitable microsite for saplings. When we compare change in regeneration density on dead wood between the disturbed and undisturbed site, our results show significant increase in regeneration density at disturbed site (by 33 %). The increased regeneration density observed at the disturbed site was mostly associated with the smallest saplings on logs with the largest diameters. Three years after death of the parent stands no significant effect was recorded on the growth rate and survival of established spruce saplings on dead wood.
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Enzyme activity and molecular characterization of fungi in decaying wood
KONAROVSKÁ, Kristýna
Decomposing wood is necessary part of forest ecosystem. Wood is robust and hardly decomposable material. Some fungi can use enzymes to degrade lingocellulose. This bachelor thesis is concerned with these fungi and enzymes. Goal of this work was to describe factors affecting composition of fungal community in deadwood. Two different kinds of trees - beech and fir had been sampled from trunks and branches and ergosterol content, fungal biomass, activity of extracellular enzymes and fungal community composition were determined. Main watched property has been different source of samples coming from tree trunks (T) or branches (B) and from Silver fir (FWD) or European beech (CWD) thus forming 4 categories FWD-T, FWD-B, CWD-T and CWD-B. Analysis confirmed higher potential activity of enzymes and higher pH in samples taken from branches specifically endocellulose, exocellulose, endoxylanase, N-acetylglukosaminidase a -glukosidase. Ergosterol marker confirmed higher biomass content in branches. Ascomycet or Basidiomycet fungi content was not dependent on type of wood or its size. Enzyme activity and fungi biomass with lower pH confirms higher fungi enzymes content in branches in comparison to trunks. Presence of fungi influences substrate thanks to active metabolism. Higher biomass values were linked to faster branches colonization and their decomposition.
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Biodiverzita dřevních hub v PR Dvorčák
Důjková, Magdalena
The aim of this work is to monitor the diversity of wood fungi, their ties to rotting wood and ecology. The site is located near the city Hranice in the village Valšovice. It is a purpose-built facility Secondary Forestry School in Hranice used to teach students. The total acreage of the area is 11.7 ha. The species composition dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea ). The survey found a determined 18 kinds of wood fungi. The largest incidence was recorded on Ouercus petraea in the period from April to November, it was all about species: Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Hypoxylon fragiforme.
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The role of wood decay fungi in the dynamics of a mountain spruce forest
POUSKA, Václav
This thesis is focused on environmental preferences of wood-decaying fungi and their relationships with forest structure and development. Relationships of fungi to properties of wood and forest stands were studied on the basis of field observations in Central-European mountain spruce forests. Plot-based approach was used to reveal a general pattern in the diversity of fungi within a single forest stand and between different stands. The analysis of stand structure provided a background for plot-based approach. Substrate-based approach was used to study single species preferences and their communities. In addition, the influence of wood properties (including fungi and their rots) on the regeneration of spruce on logs was studied.
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