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FTIR and NIR applications for soil analysis
Mešková, Michala ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on the use of infrared spectrometry methods for the analysis of soil samples. The aim of this work was to compare and analyze the soil using the ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) and DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods for soil analysis. The results showed that the ATR method is not sufficiently effective and the DRIFT method was used for soil analysis, which proved to be more suitable for the analysis of soil samples.
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The behavior of superabsorbent polymers in artificial soils
Männlová, Adriana ; Smilek, Jiří (referee) ; Kratochvílová, Romana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the study of superabsorbent polymers for environmental and agricultural applications. Generally thessis preparations are to perform the funciton of irrigation ,so that thanks to its unique properties , can absorb water in tha rainy season and keep it arend the root system as long as possible. Superabsorbent polymers can also perform the fiction of fertilizer carries and thus ensure its gradual release. These gel structures were subjected to testing of their swelling in environments with different ionic strenght. Subsequently, in the long term monitored thein ability to trap water in the soil environment model.
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Microplastics in soil
Dvořáková, Alena ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the appraisal of the suitability of infrared spectroscopy for the identification of plastics and microplastics in soils. Available techniques were DRIFT (diffuse reflectance) and ATR (attenuated total reflectance). Mixtures of model soil and pure PET were prepared for analysis in various concentrations. Furthermore, a total of 21 samples of soil and 3 samples of compost were evaluated. The obtained data were used for interpretation of infrared spectra, creation of calibrations of PET using ATR and DRIFT methods. Part of the work was the evaluation of validation models using spectra and basic soil parameters.
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Development of Gel Techniques for in situ Measurement of Bioavailable Metals in Soils and Sediments
Kovaříková, Vladěna ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Janoš, Pavel (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
The doctoral thesis deals with usage of gel techniques for in situ measurement of bioavailable metals in soils and sediments. The DGT technique was applied to soil samples from the localities of Zlín, Tuřany and Chrlice for estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. These soils were amended by sewage sludges in years 1980-1987. The experiment using diffusive gels with different pore size, APA and RG gels, has shown that the DGT can be used for assessment of trace metal soil complexes - small inorganic and larger organic. The results obtained by DGT measurements were approximately up to two orders of magnitude lower than metal concentrations obtained by leaching with sodium nitrate. The leaching with sodium nitrate does not provide true reflection of metal availability to plant root system and soil microorganisms and the DGT technique seems to be a better predictor of metal bioavailability. Only small differences between undisturbed and homogenized soil samples were found out by application of DGT to soil samples from localities of Veverská Bítýška and Ostrovačice. The undisturbed soil is not homogenous and the DGT unit gives information only about the part of the soil which is in direct contact with the unit. The procedure with soil slurry can be recommended for the characterization of large soil areas and estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. Gel techniques were also used for the study of processes occuring in sediments. Mercury species and other metals were analysed in surface water, pore water and sediments collected from two sampling sites in the Dele River in northern France. This river had been polluted during the last century by the activity of Métaleurop factory, which dealt with metal ore treatment. The application of DGT technique using two specific ion-exchange resins, Chelex-100 and Duolite GT-73, provided assessment of mercury in sediment pore water. DGT and DET techniques together with centrifugation provided also high resolution depth profiles of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in pore water. It is not possible to determine which sampling site was more contaminated. Only small differences in mercury species and metal content were observed between sampling sites. The Dele River can be classified as contaminated river according to total mercury content in sediments and as slightly contaminated river from the point of view of methylmercury content. Correlations between mercury species and sulphide content confirm that total mercury and sulphide content count among factors influencing the mercury release to pore water and controlling processes of methylation and demethylation. Only low toxicity of sediment slurries was found out by the bioluminiscence test with Vibrio fischeri. The results of doctoral thesis demonstrate gel techniques as a very good tool in environmental analysis.
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Study of the content of risk elements in soils and plant material
Vlčková, Renáta ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the study of the content of selected heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn) in soils and mushrooms. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry method was used to determine the heavy metal content. Fungi and soil samples were collected at 18 sites in the Jeseníky region. The concentrations of heavy metals in the mushrooms were in the range from 140–582 mg/kg Zn, 48–380 mg/kg Fe, 5–19 mg/kg Mn and 3–8 mg/kg Ni. Zinc had the highest concentration value in all mushroom species. In soils, the concentrations of heavy metals ranged from 10–72 g/kg Fe, 52–1,000 mg/kg Mn, 29–115 mg/kg Zn and 6–50 mg/kg Ni. Iron was the most abundant element in the soils. Mushrooms contamination was assessed as a health risk in the study area. However, the pollution of forest soils was assessed as satisfactory and thus the productive function of the soil is not impaired. The type of forest cover was found to have minimal effect on the chemical composition of the soils.
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The forensic analysis of soil by FTIR and NIR with multivariate analysis
Nawrath, Pavel ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis is about forensic multivariate soil analysis in the localities Ostrava and Třinec. A total of 52 samples were taken in the areas near metallurgical companies. These samples were measured for concentrations of chromium, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, mercury and zinc. Mercury concentration was analysed using AMA 254 device. The remaining metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F–AAS). Additionally, IR spectra were acquired by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using diffusion reflectance technique (DRIFT). In the end the results were used to create correlation models and statistical models of PCA (principal component analysis) methods with CA (correlation analysis).
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Study of biological activity of superabsorption polymers
Männlová, Adriana ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the study of the biological activity of superabsorbent polymers for environmental and agricultural applications. Generally these hydrogels perform many functions in the soil, which is increasingly stressed by treatment with synthetic fertilizers and thus loses their natural properties, such as the uptake of moisture. Addressing these issues is now in superabsorbent polymers that can absorb and also retain a lot of water around the root system as long as possible. They can perform the function of carriers gradual release fertilizer. Based on the literature review was designed and conducted the study of biological activity in the soil model on corn sown. SAPs were prepared in the framework of contract research Faculty of Chemistry of the Technical University in Brno with the company Amagro Ltd. The content of the experiment, the superabsorbent polymer, observing effects on the growth of dent corn. He was also studied root system for absorption of nutrients. Further changes were observed rheological properties of prepared superabsorbent polymer, superabsorbent polymers since they provide a source of nutrients and help to retain moisture in the soil, it is necessary to know their viskoelstick properties even at temperatures below freezing. This work is based primarily on the use of great motivation superabsorbent polymers in agriculture and also in environmental protection.
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Soil and hydrological degradation of wetlands
Panocha, Tomáš ; Vlček, Lukáš (advisor) ; Šefrna, Luděk (referee)
The thesis researches the knowledge about soil degradation and the most important soil degradation processes, including desertification, erosion, the impact of agriculture on soils and soil sealing. It also deals with wetlands as ecosystems at the transition between aquatic and terrestrial systems, their definition and delineation, as well as their decline and recovery, which is very important in climate change projections. The chapter on wetlands also includes a section on international conventions and organisations. The work then focuses on wetland types in the Czech Republic and the soil types most commonly found on them, together with their soil-forming processes and water regimes. Last but not least, the thesis tries to find a link between the degradation of wetland ecosystems in relation to changes in the hydrological regime of the surrounding area and the surrounding soils. Keywords: soil degradation, wetland, wetland definition, wetland restoration, wetlands of the Czech Republic
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