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Vyhodnocení erozní ohroženosti pozemků vodní erozí na vybraném území s využitím nástrojů GIS
Bartošek, Ondřej
This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the vulnerability of land to water erosion in the catchment area of Sloupnicky potok in the district of Usti nad Orlici. The first part of the thesis deals with the topic of soil degradation. The main part is devoted to soil erosion. Part of this work is also the characteristics of the area of interest. The final part of the work deals with the calculation of the factors of the universal equation USLE and the determination of the average long-term loss of soil by water erosion before and after the design of anti-erosion measures. All operations were performed using ArcGIS, USLE2D, LS converter software.
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Strukturní stav půdy jako indikátor dopadu různých způsobů hospodaření v zemědělské krajině
Růžičková, Vladimíra
The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of long-term effects of agrotechnical measures (different intensity of soil tillage, variant crop rotations and organic amendment during long-term continuous cropping of cereals) on coefficient of structure (CS). Observations were made within two long-term stationary field experiments conducted on luvisolic Chernozem soil in a suger-beet production region. During the first experiment conducted between 1989 and 2017, the impact of two crop rotations (with 33.3% and 66.6% representation of cereals) and four variants of soil tillage to winter wheat, spring barley and sugar beet were evaluated. For winter wheat and spring barley, the following soil tillage options were included: 1 – plowing up to 0.22 m; 2 – plowing up to 0.15 m; 3 – direct sowing into uncultivated soil and 4 – shallow soil tillage up to 0.10 m. The variants for sugar beet were: 1 – plowing up to 0.28 m; 2 – plowing up to 0.22 m + hoeing up to 0.40 – 0.45 m; 3 – plowing up to 0.28 m + sowing of a intercrop; 4 – plowing up to 0.22 m + sowing of a intercrop. In the second field experiment conducted between 1977 and 2017, the influence of organic amendment on the long-term continuous cropping of cereals (rotation of winter wheat and spring barley) was evaluated. Three variants of organic amendment were included: 1 – straw harvest; 2 – straw harvest and intercrop production for green manuring and 3 – straw incorporation. Measurement of the coefficient of structure was made in 2017, in the first experiment at the last crop of crop rotations – spring barley, in the second experiment at the spring barley. The influence of the crop rotation on the structural condition of the soil was small, statistically insignificant. On average, slightly higher CS values were recorded in the crop rotation with 66.6% representation of cereals. The influence of soil tillage on CS was statistically significant. The lowest CS value was recorded in variant 1 (plowing to 0.22 m for cereals, plowing to 0.28 m for sugar beet). The highest CS was recorded in variant 3 (direct sowing in to an uncultivated soil for cereals, plowing to 0.28 m and intercrop for sugar beet). The results generally show the beneficial effect of lower soil tillage intensity and growing of frosting crops on the structural state of the soil. Organic amendment has beneficially affected the structural state (CS) only in the upper part of the soil (0 – 0.15 m). Straw incorporation and straw harvest with an intercrop for green manuring had the most favorable influence on the CS. Higher CS values were measured in the top soil layer (0 – 0.15 m) in both field experiments.
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Příčiny nízkých výnosů obilovin v ekologickém systému pěstování
KOTAŠKA, Vladimír
The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the causes of low returns on chosen cereals (oat, wheat, rye, and spelled) in ecological agriculture based on evaluating information on growing procedures obtained via the method of questionnaires. Gradually, 21 ecologically farming companies controlled by the Abcert AB a Biokont CZ, s.r.o. organizations were chosen. Based on the analysis of growing procedures, the most frequent mistakes made by farmers were identified. Companies with lower returns apply mainly an inappropriate structure of crops grown, a high representation of cereals, and they do not respect crop rotation principles. Especially in favourble conditions, some farms are run without livestock production. Leguminosae representation is low in most companies, intercrops are used very seldom. In case of straw plow, the C:N ratio is not maintained using manure. Mineral manure is not used at all, liming very seldom. Vegetation is usually not fertilized during vegetation period. Cereal weed regulation is carried out, but not sufficiently. Using farm seed is quite frequent, which increases the growth of weed. Comparing returns on cereal among better and worse companies, it is obvious that respecting given principles may increase return on seed in 1.0 to 1.9 t/ha.
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Vyhodnocení aktuálního zaplevelení v různých typech osevních postupů
Vacl, Miroslav
The goal of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the weed infestination and to state differences in weed infestination in monoculture, Norfolk and different soil tillage technologies. The weed infestination was carried out on experimental plots of the Agricultural Research Institute in two periods during the spring crop emergence and in summer before the harvest. Weed species, their number and abundance were deteriminated on each of the experimental plots. To the representativeness of the research was ensured by selecting of eight samples from an area of 0.25 square meters. The monoculture spring barley was infested with the following weeds: Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Elytrigia repens. The monoculture winter wheat was infested with: Gallium aparine and Polygonum lapanthifolium. The most abundant species were occured Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Elytrigia repens in clover and beet in crop rotation Norfolk. The technology occurred species Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album and Anagalis arvensis in minimizing peas and canola. The weeds were also presented in smaller quantities in soil tillage technology. The winter wheat and spring barley were infested with: Lamium amplexicaule, Gallium aparine and Polygonum lapanthifolium in the both technologies.
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Využití meziplodin v protierozní ochraně na příkladu vybrané komplexní pozemkové úpravy
BOUŠKA, Miroslav
The thesis focuses on catch crops and crop rotation used in conventional agriculture and the possibility of their utilization in anti-erosion protection. The thesis includes a research which describes land consolidation and the main territorial systems which allow anti-erosion protection. Different kinds of erosion and the crop rotation are described in this thesis. The chapter about catch crops is focused on the inclusion of catch crops into the crop rotation. The goal of this study is to assess the real suggested actions used during the land consolidation and to compare their effectiveness with the effectiveness of crop rotation including catch crops.
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Intercrops and their use in erosion protection
KLÍR, Josef
This Bachelor's thesis is aimed to assess the effects of erosion intercrop included in crop rotations. Erosion losses will be evaluated in the cadastral area Předenice, located in the pilsen region. Erosion losses will be evaluated for current crop rotation LUKRENA a.s. and compared the results with the inclusion of intercrops in crop rotation.
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