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Regional differences in somatic development of pre-school children in context of secular changes
Ferris, Stáňa ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Testing of regional differences in the growth and development of preschool children is a neglected topic in the history of anthropometry. In this work, we focused on the differences between the current population of Prague, Olomouc and Bratislava. Given the very similar living conditions and socioeconomic maturity of all three regions, we did not anticipate their presence. However, the results of this work showed significant differences, especially in skeletal robustness. Furthermore, we tested the presence of secular differences in the growth and development of preschool children between the current population of Prague, Olomouc and Bratislava and the reference data from 1990 for Czechia and 1989 for Slovakia. We expected changes in height, length and width body parameters, gracility of skeletal robustness, and, on the contrary, an increase in adiposity markers. In the case of the Prague population, this hypothesis was confirmed except for changes in the width parameters of the pelvis, where a negative secular trend was demonstrated. The results of the Olomouc and Bratislava populations do not agree with European trends and the established hypothesis. Secular trends in growth and development are mostly positive. Key words Regional differences, secular trend, preschool age, growth and developement
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Relation of adiposity rebound to developmental profile of body composition markers
Varhoľáková, Marianna ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
The goal of this diploma thesis is to find out which from the components of body composition clarify adiposity rebound of Body Mass Index (AR BMI). The results were obtained by the visual comparison of the curve profile with the curve profile of the research parameters - percentage of muscle, skeleton and fat component of body composition, Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI) with regards to mass categorization (10th, 50th and 90th percentile). The age of reaching AR BMI was compared with the age of reaching minimums of the remaining parameters based on arbitrary threshold of significance established by us +- half a year. From the database obtained by transveral collection within the Czech Republic in 80s and 90s in the 20th century, 5 977 children were chosen between the age 3,00 - 12,99 (3 031 girls and 2 946 boys). The average date of examination was 25th June 1987. Curves of the parameters evaluating lean body mass did not show consisten trend with BMI curve profile. The minimum of FFMI has been reached with both genders on every percentile in younger age than the AR BMI age and the minimum of muscle and skeleton component has not been reached with both genders. Curve profile of parameters evaluating the fat component of body composition visually matches the BMI curve profile on...
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Eating disorders focused on anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
Zinková, Alžběta ; Bláha, Pavel (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
The study deals with eating disorders. It tries to bring the most comprehensive overview of the two majority eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, respectively. Both diseases have a lot in common, but also some of its specifics which are pointed out in the study. The study is conceived to make the reader in the early chapters acquainted with the various eating disorders according to international diagnostic criteria. Then there is a brief history, epidemiology and etiology and pathogenesis of particular disorders. Other chapters are devoted to anorexia and bulimia. They deal with the predisposition to eating disorders and they include psychological and biological factors and also health risks that may occur during prolonged starvation and at compensatory behaviour in bulimic patients. The final chapter briefly describes the different types of treatment that in most cases are based on knowledge of psychology.
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Weight proportionality and body composition in contemporary Czech preschool children
Janebová, Martina ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of actual state in somatic parametres, weight proportionality and body composition of contemporary Czech preschool children. The aim of this study is to prove validity of reference standards for selected somatic parametres, body mass index and body composition which were established in 1990 (and 1991 respectively). Due to the changes in socioeconomic status, dietary habits and level of physical activity between 1990 and 2017 we assume significant changes in the physical composition of current preschool children, namely a decrease in the proportion of the muscle component and an increase in the fat component for total body weight. It is also assumed that the body mass index (BMI) and % of adiposity will give different results for assesing overweight and obesity. The study involved a total of 468 children aged 4 to 6 years, 228 girls and 240 boys. In the pilot study between 2013 and 2014, 179 children, 90 girls and 89 boys were surveyed in 4 nursery schools in Prague, 1 in Kladno and 1 in Jihlava. In a follow-up study conducted between 2016 and 2017, a total of 289 children, 138 girls and 151 boys from 6 nursery schools in Prague were examined. Significant changes were demonstrated in almost all somatic parameters investigated, but the changes mostly...
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Intersexual differences of adiposity markers in contemporary Czech children aged 11 - 15 years
Auxtová, Martina ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Thesis is focused on the analysis of intersexual differences in adiposity markers within urban population of Czech children from 11,00 to 15,99 years. This age range encompasses puberty which is one of the critical periods for the possible development of overweight and obesity. The sample PRAHA 2013 consists of 356 girls and 353 boys which were surveyed for basic anthropometric indicators - body height, body weight, BMI, mid- upper arm circumference and the thickness of four skinfolds. Intersexual differences discovered in measured parameters show statistical significance (p<0,01 resp. p<0,001) and it corresponds with the characteristic changes of pubertal development in both of genders. Testing file PRAHA 2013 against reference standards and its comparison with the results of the last Czechoslovak spartakiade in 1985 points to positive secular trend of increasing body height. However increase in weight parametres is still continuing. Probands from the year 2013 reach higher body weight values, BMI and skinfold thickness in comparison with children of the same age in 1985, 1991 resp. 2001. Significant differences were found out in the most of age categories in both of genders. Keywords: adiposity tissue, subcutaneous fat, skinfolds, body fat distribution, sexual dimorphism, obesity, secular trend
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Differences in the auxological characteristics of children with short stature - differential diagnostic possibilities of hypothyreosis
Daniš, Robert ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee)
Child growth is a multifactorial process combining the influence of the polygenic form of inheritance and the influence of the environment in which the child grows up. The socio- economic level of the state and family is a determining factor in the rate of use of genetic growth potential. During the 20th century, the living conditions improved and the average population height increased, so-called secular changes. Negative trends in the lifestyle of today's society tend to grow rather restrictively. The sedentary lifestyle, along with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in current children, changes their growth profile, especially during puberty, and turns the secular trend of the height in the opposite direction. Growth is also a sensitive indicator of the health condition of a child. Serious diseases of the chronic and systemic character inhibit growth. Growth retardation also develops in some endocrinopathies, particularly in growth hormone deficiency and thyroid hormone deficiency. The auxological picture of these diseases is very similar. Differential marker is the only difference in the severity of delay ossification of carpal bones and long bones when assessing bone age from the X-ray of the hand and the distal forearm. The diagnostic logistic regression model, based on the definition...
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Study of BMI trajectories depending on lifestyle factors - longitudinal study of Czech adolescents
Křivánková, Anna ; Zamrazilová, Hana (advisor) ; Boženský, Jan (referee)
Obesity is a serious metabolic disease that often occurs in childhood. Up to 55 % of obese children continue to be obese until adolescence and then 80 % of these obese adolescents remain obese in adulthood. This diploma thesis follows the results of the first round of the study Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Treatment (COPAT). Analyzes the data found in 2009-2010 in relation with the results from 2018. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hidden (normal-weight) obesity and to examine the factors potentially contributing to the development of excessive body weight in the participants in the second round of COPAT study. After eight years, 12 % of the original sample, ie 246 probands (150 women and 96 men), were repeatedly examined within the diploma thesis. The examinations took place at the Institute of Endocrinology in Prague and consisted of fasting blood, clinical examination (blood pressure and pulse measurement; determination of body composition by bioimpedance analysis) and anthropometric examination. All participants also completed an on-line questionnaire consisting of three parts (personalized questionnaire; Eating inventory questionnaire; Baecke questionnaire of habitual physical activity). The obtained data were processed using...
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Molecular biological analysis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.
Musil, Zdeněk ; Hirschfeldová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Zamrazilová, Hana (referee) ; Uhrová Mészárosová, Anna (referee)
This work summarizes the results of a research inquiring into relatively rare neuroendocrine tumors - pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEO/PGL) These tumors may arise on a hereditary genetic predisposition basis. On that account we primarily focused on a genetic examination of patients with PHEO/PGL. Methods for diagnostics of changes in SDHD, SDHB and RET genes were implemented. The number of examined genes has been (and is still being) extended. Currently we are investigating these genes: ATRX, BRAF, CDH1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, FGFR1, FH, FHIT, GNAS, HIF2A (EPAS1), H-RAS, IDH1, IDH2, KIF1Bß, KMT2D, K-RAS, MAML3, MAX, MDH2, MET, NF1, NGFR, N-RAS, PHD2/EGLN1, RET, SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, TERT, TMEM 127, TP53 and VHL, using next generation sequencing. The number of variations of the above mentioned genes is different (23%) in Czech patients with PHEO/PGL in comparison with some foreign studies (27%, 40%). This may be caused by geographical influences or selection of patients. PHEO/PGL occur mainly (75%) in a benign form. A malignant form may be indicated by the presence of chromaffin tissue in locations where these tumors do not usually occur - liver, lungs, bones. In our study we focused on characteristics indicating the malignancy, for example, the lower age of patients with the first manifestation...
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