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Clavarioid fungi: overview of their systematics and data on diversity in the Czech Republic
Matouš, Jan ; Holec, Jan (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
In the first part of my bachelor thesis Clavariaceae family is characterized in historical, morphological and ecological perspective and three main genera Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis with clavarioid and ramarioid morphology of fruit body are described. The second part surveys the development of their systematics and discusses the most important genera, which in certain phases of the system progress emerged in the Clavariaceae family. It also put emphasis on the characters that led the autors to their conclusions and on the development of the generic concept of the three mentioned clavarioid genera. The third part summarizes older and recent knowledge on the diversity of the three mentioned genera in the Czech Republic on the basis of the literature data. Species that have been found in the Czech Republic are listed and are briefly characterized from an ecological perspective. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Diversity and taxonomy of fungi inhabiting extremely acidic and saline soils of natural and anthropogenic origin in the Czech Republic
Hujslová, Martina ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee) ; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (referee)
Highly acidic environments represent some of the most extreme habitats for the microbial growth. For a long time it has been assumed that these sites are populated exclusively by prokaryotes. However recently, eukaryotic organisms including fungi have been found to be abundant and important component of acidophilic communities. Concerning fungal diversity only fragmentary data are available indicating that highly acidic sites harbour specific and low-diversified fungal communities dominated by dematiaceous fungi. In the present work we focused on the cultivable mycobiota occupying highly acidic (pH < 3) soils which are at the same time saline (sulfate-rich) and are located at geographically isolated localities in the Czech Republic. This study should provide a deep insight into the diversity and biogeographical pattern of acidophilic/tolerant fungi. A combination of classical and specialized cultivation techniques was successfully applied since it significantly contributed to the broadening of the detected fungal spectrum. The revealed fungal assemblages inhabiting highly acidic sites worldwide are closely similar and differ from the ones known from less acidic habitats. The core of the fungal assemblage under study consisted of phylogenetically unrelated and often globally distributed fungi...
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RNA elements in the genus Armillaria
Dvořák, Jiří ; Gabriel, Jiří (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
Mycoviruses are widespread among the fungi. Most mycoviruses reported have dsRNA genomes. The first mycovirus was found in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mycoviruses do not have an extracellular phase of their life cycle and are transmitted only by intracellular routes. Many mycoviruses reveal no apparent effect on their hosts. The genus Armillaria represents economically important edible fungal pathogens causing root rot in conifers and broadleaves trees. From this viewpoint, genus Armillaria presents an important subject of research studies. In this study we tried to find evidence for the presence of RNA elements in the respective genus. Total amount of collected strains was 52. CF-11 method for nuclei acids extraction was applied to 40 strains. The method is based on the affinity of cellulose powder for nuclei acids and specifically, the adsorption of dsRNA at ethanol concentrations of 15%. According to our results, there is no evidence for dsRNA elements occurence in the tested strains. The study was also focused on basic characterization of physiology of isolates, esp. to optimum growth conditions on agar plates and milled straw as well as on rhizomorph formation and fructification. No effect of pH changes and addition of various alcohols on rhizomorph formation was found, while primordia...
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Physiology and ecology of saprotrophic basidiomycetes degrading dead plant biomass
Valášková, Vendula ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
(in English) My theis is focused on soil saprotrophic basiďomycetes, their role in the decomposition of dead plarrt biomass and intera.tioÍts with other members of microbiď community since these fungi play a particularly important role in biotransformation of soil organic matter arrd thereíorealso in the cycling of carbon and mineral nutrients. Three litter.decomposing basiďomycete isolratď from Quelvts petrueo Íorat: Eypholotna tascicularc, Rhodocolly bi,a butgrnrca ard Ggrnnopn sp., efficiently degrarled oak litter unrler both sterile and nonsterile conditions, but the rate of degradation and lignocellulolytic enzyme produc- tion considerably diftbred among isolates. Geuerally, the degrarlation camed by these iso- lates resembled decay caused by whiterot fungi. The fungi produced a broad range of lignocellulose-degrading enzyme: laccase, Mn- peroxidase, endo-I,4-p glucanase, endo-l,4 d >rylanase,p-glucosidase and iJ-xylosidase. Saprotrophic basidiomycetes thus probably contribute to the observed spatial variability in extrarellular enzyme activities in the up per srril horizon in oak forest. Spatial differences in eDzymeactivities were accompanied by diffe.rencesin the microbial commutrity composition, the relative amount of fungal biomass decreased with soil depth. The vertical gradients in soil...
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Diversity and taxonomy of members of genus Geastrum in Central America
Zehnálek, Petr ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
In temperate zone, especially Europe and North America, is the genus Geastrum very well inspected group of Gasteromycetes with long lasting and comprehensive history of research. Our knowledge of the diversity in other areas of distribution, especially in tropics, is more than limited. The aim of this diploma thesis is to contribute for cognition of diversity of this genus in Panama, Costa Rica and Colombia I have collected 86 samples belonging to genus Geastrum during three expeditions to Panama (Chiriqué province) in the years 2015, 2016, 2017. I have characterized those based on morphological and molecular data. I have also studied morphology of 40 borrowed herbarium specimens from Costa Rica, Colombia and Panama. I have successfully sequenced four locuses of DNA from my own samples (ITS, LSU, RPB1 and ATP6). This method had lover efficiency in herbarium specimens due to present contaminations, age of specimens or probably badly stored. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out by Bayesian method and its results have in agreement with morphologic traits shown many lineages new for Panama and moreover at least four new species completely new to science. Variability in species complexes (e.g. G. lageniforme, G. saccatum, G. velutinum) is presented in more detail with emphasis to lineages...
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Diversity and taxonomy of fungi inhabiting extremely acidic and saline soils of natural and anthropogenic origin in the Czech Republic
Hujslová, Martina ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee) ; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (referee)
Highly acidic environments represent some of the most extreme habitats for the microbial growth. For a long time it has been assumed that these sites are populated exclusively by prokaryotes. However recently, eukaryotic organisms including fungi have been found to be abundant and important component of acidophilic communities. Concerning fungal diversity only fragmentary data are available indicating that highly acidic sites harbour specific and low-diversified fungal communities dominated by dematiaceous fungi. In the present work we focused on the cultivable mycobiota occupying highly acidic (pH < 3) soils which are at the same time saline (sulfate-rich) and are located at geographically isolated localities in the Czech Republic. This study should provide a deep insight into the diversity and biogeographical pattern of acidophilic/tolerant fungi. A combination of classical and specialized cultivation techniques was successfully applied since it significantly contributed to the broadening of the detected fungal spectrum. The revealed fungal assemblages inhabiting highly acidic sites worldwide are closely similar and differ from the ones known from less acidic habitats. The core of the fungal assemblage under study consisted of phylogenetically unrelated and often globally distributed fungi...
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Combination of biochemical and high-throughput-sequencing approaches to study the role of Antinobacteria and fungi in the decomposition of plant biomass
Větrovský, Tomáš ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Slaninová Kyselková, Martina (referee) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
Dead plant biomass is a key pool of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Its decomposition in soil environments is thus an essential process of the carbon cycle. Fungi are considered to be the primary decomposers in soil ecosystems because of their physiological adaptations and enzymatic apparatus composed from highly effective oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. Many recent works show that in addition to fungi, bacteria may also play a significant role in lignocellulose decomposition and among bacteria, the members of the phylum Actinobacteria are often regarded to significantly contribute to cellulose and lignocellulose decomposition. This thesis is focused on the evaluation of the role that fungi and Actinobacteria play in dead plant biomass degradation. First, it explored mechanisms involved in degradation, in particular the enzymatic breakdown of major lignocellulose components as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Enzymatic apparatus of the saprotrophic fungus Fomes fomentarius was explored both in vitro as well as in vivo. Several Actinobacteria were isolated from soil and comparative experiments, investigating production of hydrolytic enzymes, were carried out to track the transformation of polysaccharides and lignin by these strains. To explain the roles of lignocellulose decomposers in...
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Clavarioid fungi: overview of their systematics and data on diversity in the Czech Republic
Matouš, Jan ; Holec, Jan (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
In the first part of my bachelor thesis Clavariaceae family is characterized in historical, morphological and ecological perspective and three main genera Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis with clavarioid and ramarioid morphology of fruit body are described. The second part surveys the development of their systematics and discusses the most important genera, which in certain phases of the system progress emerged in the Clavariaceae family. It also put emphasis on the characters that led the autors to their conclusions and on the development of the generic concept of the three mentioned clavarioid genera. The third part summarizes older and recent knowledge on the diversity of the three mentioned genera in the Czech Republic on the basis of the literature data. Species that have been found in the Czech Republic are listed and are briefly characterized from an ecological perspective. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Molecular phylogeny of the genus Geosmithia
Korittová, Celie ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
The genus Geosmithia contains 11 described and several tens of undescribed species of fungi living nearly exclusively in galleries of subcorticolous insects, especially bark beetles. In this work, a phylogenetic analysis of the genus was made using DNA sequences of four protein-coding genes, namely TEF-1, RPB2, Mcm7 and Tsr1. The analysis has confirmed that ecological strategies of these fungi (such as association with conifers or broad leaved trees or symbiosis with ambrosia beetles) have evolved several times in this genus. 51 species are recognized based on the obtained phylogenetic tree according to Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition. I have also tested utility of the above mentioned genes to serve as "barcode" for identification of closely related Geosmithia species.
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RNA elements in the genus Armillaria
Dvořák, Jiří ; Gabriel, Jiří (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
Mycoviruses are widespread among the fungi. Most mycoviruses reported have dsRNA genomes. The first mycovirus was found in the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mycoviruses do not have an extracellular phase of their life cycle and are transmitted only by intracellular routes. Many mycoviruses reveal no apparent effect on their hosts. The genus Armillaria represents economically important edible fungal pathogens causing root rot in conifers and broadleaves trees. From this viewpoint, genus Armillaria presents an important subject of research studies. In this study we tried to find evidence for the presence of RNA elements in the respective genus. Total amount of collected strains was 52. CF-11 method for nuclei acids extraction was applied to 40 strains. The method is based on the affinity of cellulose powder for nuclei acids and specifically, the adsorption of dsRNA at ethanol concentrations of 15%. According to our results, there is no evidence for dsRNA elements occurence in the tested strains. The study was also focused on basic characterization of physiology of isolates, esp. to optimum growth conditions on agar plates and milled straw as well as on rhizomorph formation and fructification. No effect of pH changes and addition of various alcohols on rhizomorph formation was found, while primordia...
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