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Conatimanation of vineyards soils by Cu
Kovářová, Lucie ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to resume existing knowledge regarding the contamination of vineyard soils with copper, which is mainly caused by a long-term application of Cu-based fungicides used to control wine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). The role of Cu as a trace element in the natural environment is discussed, as well as natural Cu contents in soils and in the Earth's crust. This manuscript is based on international scientific articles focusing on the above mentioned subject. The thesis discusses the problems of contamination of vineyard soils by Cu, deposition of Cu compounds into the soils, interaction of Cu with soil components and possible formation of mobile or immobile Cu soil forms, their behavior and factors influencing this behavior and possible environmental risks e.g. phytotoxicity, contamination of water bodies or contamination of fluvial sediments. Additionally, average Cu contents in agricultural soils in Europe and worldwide were compared with European and international guidelines and limits. Total Cu contents in some of the vineyards soils exceed legislative regulations and in case of further utilization of such soils, an additional analysis would be necessary. Key words: contamination, copper, vineyard soils, heavy metals
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Transformation of fly ash from Pb metallurgy in soils
Valigurová, Radka ; Ettler, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee)
The fly ash from secondary lead metallurgy was placed in two different soils in order to investigate the kinetics of release (in a time horizon of 504 h) and mobility of metals/metalloids in soil water and soil. Uncontaminated soils used for the pot experiment were two: acidified forest soil N and agricultural soil H. An experimental bag containing 0.5 g of fly ash was placed in a pot with 200 g of soil, which was watered using deionised water at the 60 % water holding capacity (WHC) level. Using Rhizon pore water samplers the soil solution was regularly sampled and subsequently analysed. The soil solution analysis was supplemented by the geochemical speciation-solubility modelling using the PHREEQC-2 code and the mineralogical investigation of solid phase. For Cd, Zn and As the release in soil water had similar behaviour in time: during first 96 hours of the experiment their concentration increased up to maximum values and then slowly decreased till the end of experiment. This trend has not been observed for Cu, Pb and Sb, being tightly bound to secondary phases newly formed directly in the fly ash or to soil constituents, or indicating possible resistance to leaching. Weight loss after the experiment for the fly ash was in both soils approximately 60 %, indicating high level of its dissolution....
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Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic
Zuna, Milan ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
1 Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic Milan Zuna, 2012 Abstract The environment polluted by toxic metals is currently one of the most topical subjects studied in a great many countries. Toxic metals and their forms are studied primarily because of their negative impact on the environment and also on human health. In the territory of the Czech Republic, direct measurements of the concentrations of these substances are available only for a limited time period. Consequently, indirect methods, such as geochemical archives, are used to determine the historical environmental burdens from these metals. Historical lead concentrations (Pb) were studied on peat bog profiles and tree rings in selected localities in the Czech Republic. Altogether 12 peat bog profiles and 33 wood cores (Picea abies) were studied, in the border territories of the Czech Republic with different historical burdens (Krušné Hory - Novodomské rašeliniště - ND, Jizerské hory - Bílá Smědá - BS, Šumava - Jezerní slat - JS), and in a historically burdened area polluted by processing of Pb- Ag ores (Příbram-Brdy). In the vicinity of Příbram, areas around the Brdy ridge (9 km east of the Pb metallurgical works) as well as in the immediate vicinity of the metallurgical works. We used the...
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Conatimanation of vineyards soils by Cu
Kovářová, Lucie ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to resume existing knowledge regarding the contamination of vineyard soils with copper, which is mainly caused by a long-term application of Cu-based fungicides used to control wine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). The role of Cu as a trace element in the natural environment is discussed, as well as natural Cu contents in soils and in the Earth's crust. This manuscript is based on international scientific articles focusing on the above mentioned subject. The thesis discusses the problems of contamination of vineyard soils by Cu, deposition of Cu compounds into the soils, interaction of Cu with soil components and possible formation of mobile or immobile Cu soil forms, their behavior and factors influencing this behavior and possible environmental risks e.g. phytotoxicity, contamination of water bodies or contamination of fluvial sediments. Additionally, average Cu contents in agricultural soils in Europe and worldwide were compared with European and international guidelines and limits. Total Cu contents in some of the vineyards soils exceed legislative regulations and in case of further utilization of such soils, an additional analysis would be necessary. Key words: contamination, copper, vineyard soils, heavy metals
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Transformation of fly ash from Pb metallurgy in soils
Valigurová, Radka ; Ettler, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee)
The fly ash from secondary lead metallurgy was placed in two different soils in order to investigate the kinetics of release (in a time horizon of 504 h) and mobility of metals/metalloids in soil water and soil. Uncontaminated soils used for the pot experiment were two: acidified forest soil N and agricultural soil H. An experimental bag containing 0.5 g of fly ash was placed in a pot with 200 g of soil, which was watered using deionised water at the 60 % water holding capacity (WHC) level. Using Rhizon pore water samplers the soil solution was regularly sampled and subsequently analysed. The soil solution analysis was supplemented by the geochemical speciation-solubility modelling using the PHREEQC-2 code and the mineralogical investigation of solid phase. For Cd, Zn and As the release in soil water had similar behaviour in time: during first 96 hours of the experiment their concentration increased up to maximum values and then slowly decreased till the end of experiment. This trend has not been observed for Cu, Pb and Sb, being tightly bound to secondary phases newly formed directly in the fly ash or to soil constituents, or indicating possible resistance to leaching. Weight loss after the experiment for the fly ash was in both soils approximately 60 %, indicating high level of its dissolution....
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The use of (nano)oxides for metal and metalloid stabilization in contaminated soils
Michálková, Zuzana ; Komárek, Michael (advisor) ; Luke, Luke (referee)
The main objective of the thesis was to evaluate the potential of selected Mn and Fe (nano)oxides for the stabilization of metals and metalloids in contaminated soils. The research was focused basically on three materials - commercial nanomaghemite (Fe III), nanomagnetite (Fe II,III) and a synthetic amorphous Mn oxide (AMO). The main aim of the work was to provide a complex view on the chosen stabilizing amendments regarding not just their direct influence on contaminants mobility and stabilization mechanisms, but also their stability and alterations in soil conditions together with influence on soil microorganisms and higher plants. Firstly, adsorption properties of the tested materials towards Cd, Cu, Pb and As were investigated. In this context, the most effective material showed to be the AMO reaching one to two orders of magnitude higher adsorption capacities than Fe III and Fe II,III under given experimental conditions. Interestingly, the rate of As(V) adsorption onto AMO was increasing with increasing pH as a result of high pHzpc of the AMO (8.1) and significant dissolution of this phase at lower pH values. As a next step, the influence of (nano)oxides on metal(loid)s mobility and other physico-chemical soil characteristics after application to contaminated soil was examined. Again, the AMO proved to be the most efficient in reducing mobile pools of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As. On the other hand, Fe III and Fe II,III addition had generally less significant effects on contaminants mobility. AMO application further resulted in an increase of soil pH connected with AMO dissolution and unwanted decomposition of soil organic matter. When (nano)oxides alterations in soil conditions were observed, MnCO3 coatings were identified on AMO surface while no significant changes were recorded for Fe III and Fe II,III. As the MnCO3 formation was connected with increased AMO stability, AMO particles synthetically covered with MnCO3 coating (denoted as SM AMO) were prepared. Although the SM-AMO had a lower mass loss in soil than pure AMO, the stabilizing efficiency was almost the same for both materials. The differences in surface composition of both materials were decreasing with time as MnCO3 naturally precipitated on the AMO surface in soils while the SM AMO coating was gradually dissolving. When investigating the effect on soil microbiota, AMO efficiently promoted soil microbial activity while no significant changes were observed in the case of Fe III and Fe II,III. The AMO was also able to reduce the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), eliminate Zn phytotoxicity symptoms and increase biomass yield. On the other hand, toxic levels of Mn released from the AMO in an acidic soil were found in sunflower tissues. AMO application is thus recommended for contaminated neutral or slightly alkaline pH with a higher cation exchange capacity in order to avoid unwanted release of Mn. Finally, various types of AMO-biochar composite sorbents were recently prepared and field experiment focused on stabilization of Cd, Pb, Zn and As using studied materials is currently under preparation. The combined results from the thesis highlight the importance of a complex experimental approach dealing with all parts of the contaminated soil environment in order to obtain complete information about the efficiency and usefulness of any newly developed stabilizing amendment.
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Theory and practice of tracer tests in environmental protection
Šimek, Pavel ; Komárek, Michael (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
Successful predictions of the fate and transport of solutes in the subsurface is based on the availability of accurate transport parameters. Analytical solutions to the advective-dispersive solute-transport equation are useful in predicting the fate of solutes in ground water. Analytical solutions compiled from available literature are presented for one dimension solute transport in uniform ground water flow. These solutions are used for tracer test data interpretation. Tracer testing is generally regarded as the most reliable and efficient method of gathering subsurface hydrogeological information. A user-oriented computer program Mipar 2.0 was created to for estimating solute transport parameters from observed concentrations (the inverse problem) or for predicting solute concentrations (the direct problem) using the advection-dispersion equation as the transport model. The methods used for interpretation are based on the described analytical solutions. The program usability was verified on field data and on data from literature.
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