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Hereditary Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System in Breeds of Assistance Dogs
Krausová, Anežka ; Sedlák, Petr (advisor) ; Šichtař, Jiří (referee)
This work deals with canine hereditary diseases of musculoskeletal system which may occur in breeds used for assistance purposes.
First, the term "assistance dog" is defined. Assistance dogs include guide dogs, hearing dogs, service dogs, psychological assistance dogs, dual-purpose dogs and others. Most commonly used breeds are German shepherd, Labrador retriever, Golden retriever and a crossbreed of Labrador and Golden retriever.
Next part describes musculoskeletal system of the dog.
Particular diseases follow. The work focuses on several diseases whose common cause is presumed polygenic heredity. These are the diseases concerned: canine hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, panosteitis, Wobbler syndrome, hemivertebra, osteochondrosis and muscular dystrophy. Each disease includes the description of its prevalence, etiology, clinical signs, examination, diagnostic methods, treatment and prevention. Examinations are usually carried out using an X-ray, computed tomography, myelography or magnetic resonance. The treatment involves two components, conservative and surgical treatment.
There are also mentioned the possibilities of genetic diagnostics of hip dysplasia and muscular dystrophy. Last chapter is devoted to practical approach of some entities within the Czech Republic engaged in the training of assistance dogs to the selection of the dogs for training in terms of their health and their experience with the diseases mentioned in this work.
The discussion highlights an important role of prevention of these diseases, in particular through the conscious breeding methods, which exclude affected individuals from breeding. Thanks to such selection, the transmission of deleterious alleles throughout subsequent generations can be prevented. Prevention in individuals can also be achieved by an appropriate diet and reasonable exercise. When choosing a dog to be trained for assistance purposes, the health and predispositions of the breed as well as the individual's health should be taken into account.
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Factors affecting reproductive efficiency in horses
Nová, Daniela ; Šichtař, Jiří (advisor)
This work is supposed to find out how particular factors effect pregnancy of mares. First chapter that presents into the theme is chapter about system of reproduction itself. Anatomy and physiology of system of reproduction of mare and stallion, hormonal control, oogenesis and spermatonesis. Following internal factors that effect the mare itself that means malfunctions of reproduction congenital or gained ( hormonal disfunctions and cysts for example) condition and age of the mare. Then summary od internal factors that influence reproduction of the stallion. This chapter is not very extensive because selection of stallions is on very high level, which means that stud stallions do not have any problems with reproduction. If there are any found the stallion is castrated and is not used in breeding any more. External factors will evaluate the importance separately for mares and stallions and will be consisting of climatic conditions, housing, nutrition, mating itself and sporting of the mare, frequency of sperm collections of the stallion and finally reproductive behaviour in horses.
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Project of a horse reproduction centre
Nágrová, Tereza ; Šichtař, Jiří (advisor) ; Jindřich, Jindřich (referee)
Due to the growing interest in the horse breeding and riding in recent years, the effort in their reproduction is also increasing. The process of equine reproduction leads to the improvement of the horse gene pool and better athletic performance. This is the reason why the artificial insemination methods were introduced besides a natural breeding, and the equine reproduction and the semen collection centers are build, as this biotechnological method requires the necessary equipment for the sampling, the evaluation and the processing of equine semen.
The aim of this master's thesis is to compose a summary of information about the necessary requirements for building an equine reproduction center and then develop a project of the specific equine reproduction center for the equestrian complex in Marienbad.
The review of literature provides general information about the building approval process, and technical requirements for agricultural buildings. In this part means for maintaining animal hygiene and veterinary measures are described as well as the requirements and minimum standards for horse stables, warehouses for feeding, bedding and paddocks. The next section focused on specific information about the approval process of the construction and the operation of an equine reproduction center, on the sanitary regulations, and the conditions for animal health surveillance and employees. Last but not least, this part of the thesis covers information about the requirements for technical equipment, the requirements for receiving and housing stallions. The majority of information is drawn from the laws and technical standards of the Czech Republic.
The following part is focused on the evaluation of the data sources. In this chapter the equestrian center in Marienbad, where the equine reproduction center will be built, is described along with all main activities of the whole complex, information about employees, about all the buildings and equipment and current breeding. These buildings, which will be rebuilt in order to be used for the construction of the equine reproduction center, are described in more detail.
The project itself begins with a business plan of the future reproduction center that analyzes an internal and an external business environment. The external environment is analyzed by competitors, suppliers and customers, and the internal environment is analyzed by marketing and HR strategy. Furthermore, the work is focused on the project itself, as all the buildings and parts of the reproductive center are described, for instance sampling room, laboratory, warehouse for insemination doses, stable for stallions, warehouse for feeding, paddocks and more. There is also a proposal for the necessary equipment and the economic evaluation of the reproductive center.
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Apoptotic changes in frozen-thawed ejaculate in stallions.
Bubeníčková, Filipa ; Šichtař, Jiří (advisor) ; Jindřich, Jindřich (referee)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of incubation time, types of packaging , extenders and stallion´s individuality for the presence of apoptotic sperms after thawing insemination doses (ID).
The semen was collected from six Old Kladrubian stallions by standard collection method. Collected ejaculates were diluted with two extender types (GENT and LAKT) and filled into 0.5 ml straws and 5 ml aluminum tubes in which were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. The ID were evaluated for the presence of apoptotic sperm immediately after thawing (37 °C, 30 - 60 sec.) and after incubation 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after thawing using fluorochromes Yo-Pro 1, propidium iodide and fluorescence microscopy.
There was a statistically significant difference in the presence of apoptotic sperms in the ID diluted with different types of extender. In the ID frozen in Gent was higher number of apoptotic and apoptotic sperms from the total number of live cells. This results suggest a better survival rate of sperm in the extender Gent compared with lactate extender. It was shown the effect of packaging types for the presence of apoptotic sperms in the ID after thawing. Immediately after thawing there was statistically significantly higher average proportion of apoptotic spermatozoa in 5 ml tubes than in 0.5 ml straws. With incubation time the tests did not demonstrate any significant differences between different types of packaging. However, the percentage of apoptotic sperm cells from the total number of viable cells was higher in 0.5 ml straws. Nevertheless this difference was observed as statistically significant only after 1 hour incubation. When we compared the combination of the extender and the packaging type there were evident relevant differences. The common use of Gent and 5 ml tubes seems to give the best outcome.
The stallion´s individuality had significant effect on the presence of apoptotic sperms in cryopreserved ID. To increase the quality of produced ID it must be treated individually to each stallion, especially in case of the Old Kladrubian horse breed. High level of inbreeding can significantly affect semen quality and the success of reproduction.
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In vitro embryo production in horses
Babická, Dominika ; Šichtař, Jiří (advisor) ; Šimoník, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this work is to write a literature review covering the latest findings in the field of in vitro embryo production in horses. In order to perform in vitro embryo production, you first need to know the anatomy of a mare and management of sexual activity. Reproductive systém of mares consists of two ovaries, two oviducts, uterus, vagina and vulva. Unlike other livestock, the development of oocytes is in the cortex of the ovary. Sexual activity is driven neurohumoral and production of hormone is ensured by the central nervous system and endocrine glands.
For in vitro embryo production must be obtained first oocytes. These are collected from either the living or the dead mares. For live mares are used ovum pick up (OPU, transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration), standing flank laparotomy or transcutaneous flank puncture. OPU is a noninvasive method, where each follicle is flushed several times, and in the obtained solution is looked for oocytes. Invasive, but a very successful method for obtaining oocytes is transcutaneous flank puncture. There are three ways for collecting oocytes from abbatoir ovaries - either by slicing ovaries or curettage or aspiration. Very good results in amounts of obtained oocytes was proved by slicing ovaries. First, after collecting oocytes must be sorted according to cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) on compact, expanded or degenerating oocytes. Compact and expanded oocytes are distinguished under a microscope based on the morphology of the edges of this COC. Compact oocytes have a clear line margins, while margins of expanded oocytes are deformed and have heterogeneous cytoplasm. Best results for the production of embryos exhibit expanded oocytes. First, it has to be matured in the medium to the stage of MII. The culture system for oocyte maturation consists of the M199 with Earl's salts, 10% fetal bovine serum and 5 mU - ml of bovine follicle stimulating hormone in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.2 ° C. It was found out that regardless of the duration of cultivation, results of development of blastocysts after 24 or 48 hours were the same.
Standard IVF in horses can not be performed due to the zona pellucida and sperm capacitation. Therefore it is used intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), when one immobilized sperm is injected directly into the oocyte. Before ICSI sperm capacitation must be done by using the calcium ionophore. Oocytes were further cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Another possibility is to transfer the fertilized oocyte directly to the uterine horn of the mare, or it is used cryopreservation for future.
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