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Application of genetic methods for the detection of deer origin and existence of interspecific hybridization
Krojerová-Prokešová, Jarmila ; Barančeková, Miroslava ; Koubek, Petr
Hybridization between native red deer and non-native sika deer is a real threat in the Czech Republic, even though its existence has been questioned for a long time. The main cause of hybrids’ non-acceptance has been the fact that no reliable methods of their detection exist until recently. However, the application of modern molecular-genetic methods, mainly the analyses of microsatellite loci polymorphism, helps us to detect the proportion of hybrid individuals in wild populations and to establish necessary management measures for their elimination. Most importantly, the usage of molecular-genetic methods enables to detect hybrid individuals of next generations that bear no visible phenotypic signs of previous hybridisation.
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Investigation cholesterol in terrain, fall results on style of life examinate persons.
DVOŘÁK, Vít
The thesis is focused on the lifestyle of people with elevated cholesterol level. Fundamental terms, which are basic for the topic, are explained. The latest findings stated in professional literature on lifestyle, health, diseases, health promotion and health prevention are presented. The most recent statistical results are mentioned The first section of the thesis is focused on the issue in general, i.e. on lifestyle, the definition of health and its determinants, nutrition and stress. A large section is devoted to determinants of health that significantly affect human health. These are healthcare, genetics, environmental impacts. Therefore, the great importance of our lifestyle, which may be influenced by smoking, stress, physical activity, drug use, alcohol consumption and diet, is demonstrated. A large part of our activities can be positively influenced by ourselves. The determinants and their effects on human body are mentioned. The main focus is put on diseases associated with elevated cholesterol levels, where cardiovascular disease stands first. Another aspect makes a positive side and this is healthy lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle and practices how to positively influence our health are characterized. A specific decalogue, giving certain constrains, is outlined. And also the irreplaceable role of prevention and health promotion, which is one of activities of the public health protection authorities, is mentioned. The projects of the World Health Organization also contribute to the population health promotion. The project Health 21 is also mentioned in this thesis. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of cholesterol tests in the framework of a screening program in the South Bohemian Region carried out over the period of three years. A sub-objective was to determine the lifestyle changes in clients with the decrease in blood cholesterol levels. The main hypothesis is ? there is a rising trend in elevated cholesterol levels in the blood In the practical section the results obtained from the qualitative research focused on the lifestyle of people with elevated cholesterol levels are presented. The issues concerning their lifestyle such as physical activity, stress, smoking, dietary habits, fluid intake and sleep are investigated. The questionnaire survey and the subsequent analysis of the data obtained have shown that these persons have a more responsible approach to their lifestyle. They admit that the results of the tests focused on cholesterol levels positively affect their lifestyle. The majority of respondents positively affect their lifestyle according to theoretical recommendations. Comprehensive investigation has proved that the overall lifestyle is comparable to the general population.
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Abnormal behavior of horses
KOHOUTOVÁ, Monika
Abnormal behaviour of horses is a problematic behaviour that occurs mainly in horses domesticated or held in captivity due to the effect of incorrect breeding methods or improper handling with these animals. A part of abnormal behaviour is also stereotyped behaviour which is main target of this thesis. There are many causes of stereotyped behaviour. It could be a trauma during early weaning, lack of physical activity, an impact of nutrition, genetics and other factors. It is difficult to find out the true cause of stereotyped behaviour and it is even harder to remove these stereotypes. However the reduction of symptoms is almost always possible. The aim of the thesis was explanation, based on literature review, of the concept of stereotyped behaviour of horses, describe its symptoms, causes and suggest possible ways of removing. Another aim of the thesis was monitoring of stereotyped behaviour using a questionnaire survey within the Czech Republic. The information gathered from survey consisted of causes of stereotyped behaviour ? e.g. age, rearing, use (work, riding etc.), breed, temperament, attendance of other horses etc. The aim was not only the evaluation of occurrences of horse?s stereotyped behaviour, but with the help of gathered information in the literature review, propose the possibilities of reducing unwanted behaviour and suggest precautions in horses who do not have evident manifestations of unwanted behaviour yet.
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Risk assessment and perspectives of GMO cultivation in the Czech Republic
ŠANDEROVÁ, Šárka
The bachelor thesis provides an overview of the issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). I chose this topic because its importance is currently increasing as GMOs and their products are becoming inherent part of our lives. The areas sown with GM crops increase in the world every year and GM products are also imported to the Czech Republic. In the literature research are described methods used to insert foreign DNA into plant cells. Especially common is transformation via bacteria strain Agrobacterium using so called microprojectiles. Most often used transgenes cause the plant to gain new properties, such as tolerance to herbicides, resistance to insect pests, tolerance to stress etc. There follows a summary of the legislative conditions and the concept of coexistence in the Czech Republic, which every grower, who decides to grow GM crops, should follow. In Europe only two GM crops are allowed for commercial cultivation, Bt corn and GM potatoes. In 2010 The Czech Republic became the only European country where both the allowed crops were grown. In the thesis is also summarised existing knowledge of GM crops cultivation in the world. Finally, we evaluate potential risks associated with GM crops cultivation. Significant role in the risk assessment plays also the impact of GMO cultivation on target and nontarget organisms. We also discuss the possibilities and prospects of their cultivation in our country and in the world. The aim of the thesis is to help the readers, professional or not, understand the issue so they can form their own opinion.
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Použití Matlabu pro kvantitativní analýzu růstu kvasinek
Schier, Jan ; Kovář, Bohumil
Quantitative growth analysis is used in microbiology, genetics and medical re- search to determine the in uence of the tested substance on the growth of colonies of some organism (we focus on yeast colonies in this paper). Examples of the tested substance include antibiotics, mutagens or medical drugs. To evaluate the experiment, time series of images of the colonies inoculated on Petri dishes are taken by digital camera in a darkroom. Then, relative area and the number of the colonies in each image have to be determined for further statistical processing. In the current laboratory practice, these parameters have often been hand-counted in each image, which is an error-prone process of a limited precision. Also, given the time demands of this hand-counting, the number of snapshots that can reasonably be processed is rather limited. In this paper, we introduce a Matlab-based tool for semi-automated processing of the dish images.
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Transformation of \kur{Chlamydomonas reinhardtii} ptDNA
HUSÁKOVÁ, Jana
The aim of this master thesis was to test and compare two available methods of genetic transformation (biolistics, electroporation) of the plastid genome of green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. For biolistic transformation a wide range of experimental parameters which generally influence ptDNA transformation efficiency was optimized: physiological condition of acceptor cells, type and size of microparticles, pressure of propulsion gas (helium), length of projectile trajectory, transformation of cells directly on selective medium (containing spectinomycin 150 ?g/ml) or on nonselective medium (without spectinomycin) and form of transforming DNA. In contrast to nuclear transformation ptDNA transformation of the experimental object C. reinhardtii by means of electroporation hadn´t been described. Hence a wide range of values of different physical parameters which can significantly influence the transformation efficiency was tested.
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Examination of the karyotype from amniotic fluid
MOULEOVÁ, Pavlína
My bachelor work is focused on the examination of the karyotype from amniotic fluid. The examination of the karyotype from amniotic fluid being obtained by amniocentesis is a basic method of prenatal diagnostics. It is possible to confirm or exclude fetal chromosomal aberrations with this examination. Amniocentesis is an invasive method of obtaining amniotic fluid. The risk of complications associated with amniocentesis, such as a miscarriage or a premature rupture, is around 0.5-1%. The indication for amniocentesis is performed by a geneticist, mostly on the basis of positive results of screening examinations. Amniocentesis itself is done between the sixteenth and eighteenth week of pregnancy. The self cultivation and the following processing of the preparation is usually between 10-17 days, therefore it is very important to set a term for this amniocentesis. Cells are separated by centrofugation from amniotic fluid. After that these are seeded in a culture medium where they grow to the required amount. At the end of the cultivation period, the division of cells is blocked in the metaphase of mitotic division by adding Colcemid. This is followed by processing for the microscopic views which includes hypotonia, fixation and the creation of native preparations which are stained most frequently by Giemsa - Romanovsky technique for G-banding. The these samples are evaluated in the light microscope with using a computer karyotyping system. During the stage in the laboratory Genetics - Plzeň s.r.o., I took the measurements of 50 samples of amniotic fluid. Forty-eight samples of all these were negative ( it menas that they had a normal karyotype) and 2 samples were positive . One of them was trisomy of the 21st chromosome, which is characteristic of Down syndrome. The second one was the reciprocal translocations, which was determined by FISH.
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Location of Balbani cytoplasm in sturgeon eggs as primordial gonocytes precursor during fertilization
DVOŘÁK, Matěj
The oocytes of many organisms, including fish, contain germ plasm. Germ plasm is maternally inherited determinants of germ cells. New-found germ plasm has been also described in previtellogenic sturgeon oocytes as Balbani cytoplasm. It contains precursors of germinal granules so called nuage. Germinal granules have been detected as a part of primordial gonocytes (PGCs) and according to some studies it play the role in the formation PGCs. PGCs are embryonic cells from which the gametes are differentiated. These cells has potential to transmit genetic information to the next generation. PGCs or subsequently spermatogonia therefore have the potential to be of value for gene banking and cryopreservation, particularly via the production of donor gametes with germ?line chimeras. Nevertheless the first step for successfully transplantation is visualization of PGCs. It is usually done using injection of GFP (green fluorescent protein) mRNA conjugated with mRNA, such as vasa and nanos, to the area of egg with PGC precursor localization (nuage) early after fertilization. Electron microscopic observation at this study revealed three main principal layers (a topmost alveolar layer, a zona radiata externa and a downmost layer as an zona radiata interna), a layer of cortical granules in unfertilized eggs and a perivitelline space in fertilized eggs; then germ plasm, containing nuage, which was dispersed only in the vegetal pole of ovulated sturgeon eggs. In addition, we observed formation interspace between the zona radiata externa and zona radiata interna. Sturgeon eggs have too strong envelopes for injection by glass needle. The glass capillary needle penetration could be facilitated by separation of parts of the egg envelopes as the alveolar layer and the zona radiata externa from interspace, which created by separation of the zona radiata externa and zona radiate interna by tweezers.
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Genetic Modified Organisms - Hope or Danger?
VLÁŠKOVÁ, Alena
My bachelor degree thesis deals with the modern phenomenon of genetically modified organisms (GMO). I have selected this subject as the GMO issue is highly topical and, in my opinion, fairly neglected in the Czech Republic. On one side, the benefits of organic food have been ever more emphasized and, on the other side, there are relatively many foodstuffs containing genetically modified components. However, it should be noted at this point that many consumers do not have the slightest idea about it. This is partly caused by the fact that consumers have little information about product compositions as labels often use very small and illegible fonts. The main objective of the thesis is to improve the awareness of genetically modified organisms. I have used an anonymous questionnaire survey to find out differences in the awareness about the issue among residents of the South Bohemian and Pilsen regions. The total number of distributed questionnaires was 100, i.e. 50 for each of the regions. The return rate of the questionnaires was 100 %. The respondents were selected at random. I have formulated 4 basic hypotheses in my research work. The first: The awareness of GMO is very low. This hypothesis has been confirmed. The second: The prevailing opinion among the respondents is that GMO are harmful. This hypothesis has been confirmed because most of the respondents (67 %) believe that GMO are harmful to health. The third: Most of the respondents do not primarily focus on the composition and origin of foodstuffs when they do the shopping. This hypothesis has not been confirmed because this type of information plays an important role for an ever increasing number of people. The fourth: When respondents do the shopping the price of foodstuffs is more important than the quality. This hypothesis has been rebutted because most of the respondents (74 %) do their shopping primarily based on the price and quality ratio. The results of this thesis may be further used for public education about GMO issues within a public discussion about the topic.
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