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The International Regime of the Prohibition of Biological Weapons
Kubátová, Kateřina ; Kochan, Jan (advisor) ; Trávníčková, Zuzana (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the international regime of the prohibition of biological weapons. It theoretically delimits the regime by defining the terms international regime and biological weapon. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effectivity of the international regime of the prohibition of biological weapons and to delineate its presumable evolution in the future. The thesis presents the historical development and the use of biological weapons, their prohibition until the completion of the international regime of the prohibition of biological weapons in its narrowest form. It also focuses on the analysis of the normative pillars which support the narrowly defined regime. The pillars are the Geneva Protocol (1925) and the Biological Weapons Convention. This thesis summarizes the most important events that occurred during the negotiations over the lifetime of the regime. It provides an assessment of the international regime of the prohibition of biological weapons based on the criteria of efficiency, which in this case is seen as the ability to enforce compliance with the regime, verify that it is respected and if not, as the ability to punish the violators. Given the current regime condition and the ongoing discussions relevant to the topic, the presumable evolution of the regime in the future is delineated. In conclusion, based on the chosen methodology, the international regime of the prohibition of biological weapons seems to be rather ineffective, however, in the future there may be an improvement.
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USE OF COUPLING REACTIONS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIALLY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Hessler, Filip ; Kotora, Martin (advisor) ; Pour, Milan (referee)
This work consists of three parts, each dealing with the synthesis of different biologically active compound, using reactions mediated by transition metals. 1. Ferrocene conjugates with various types of natural or biologically active compounds have been studied intensively for their new interesting properties compared to the model compounds. It was decided to synthesize a new steroid containing ferrocene - ferrocenestrone, planned with regard to its possible activity against breast cancer cells. Although several conjugates of steroids with ferrocene have been prepared, the cyclopentadienyl ring has not been the integral part of the steroid skeleton in any of them. Ferrocenestrone, an analog of estrone, however contains ferrocene in place of the aromatic A-ring. The approach to the ferrocene-steroid framework construction was based on transition metal mediated reactions starting from a suitably substituted chiral ferrocene. The methods used were: zirconocene-mediated oxidative additions with successive alkylation sequences, palladium- catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, ruthenium-catalyzed skeletal rearrangements (enyne metathesis), palladium and iridium catalyzed hydrogenations etc. Also selective oxidation and subsequent borane reduction was used for the final change of skeletal configuration....
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Colonisation of islands by the insectivorous mammals
Matějů, Petr ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (advisor) ; Kristýna, Kristýna (referee)
Biological invasions are a serious problem worldwide. Besides the natural colonizations mediated by tectonic movements or formation of a land bridge connection, there are also the artificial ones. Humans can deliberately or undeliberately translocate species across ecosystems. Recently, mainly because of the buisness and tourism there is a dramatical increase in human-mediated biological invasions. Many authors, who discussed invasions in the past, were focused on rodents. Despite its severe impact on the ecosystems the topic of insectivorous mammals remains relatively untouched by scientists so far. Practical part of this thesis is focused on the Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) and his dispersal in the Mediterranean area. Mitochondrial control region sequences of 28 samples were analyzed and compared to already published data from GenBank. Discussion was made through phylogenetical analysis. Main topics of discussion were focused on a possible contemporaneity and a course of transfer of the gene flow. Most of the samples showed haplotype similarity with individuals occupying the closest mainland. On the other hand samples from Skyros did not go with the trend. They matched with haplotype from Crete.
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Analysis of biological features of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med.
Schneebergerová, Tereza ; Hamouz, Pavel (advisor) ; Holec, Josef (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to determinate selected biological characteristics of shepherd´s-purse, which have impact on the establishment and expansion of its populations in field crops. In particular, development of primary dormancy was studied and the effect of factors that influence the dormancy and germination of seeds was determined.
Shepard´s purse is an annual or biennial herb of the cabbage family, which is classified as winter annual weeds. Primarily infest the winter and spring crops, rapeseeds, potatoes or forages. It appears from lowland to foothills, so biological features of individual population can be very different. The ways of control are shallow tillage or herbicidal treatment.
After harvesting of ripe seed the first experiment was set to define the primary dormancy. Remaining seeds were stored in two different types of environment. Part of seeds was stored in the dry at 20 °C. Others seeds were stratified at 5 °C. Effect of storage conditions on primary dormancy was tested every two weeks. Seeds were germinated for
1 week in grow chamber under the influence of various factors such as different light mode, type of water and type of media for germination.
The results were processed by multiple-factor analysis of variance. Fresh seeds showed a strong primary dormancy at constant temperatures of 10 °C and 20 °C. Treatment with fluctuating temperature (20/10 °C), filter paper, drinking water and stored in dark had the highest germination rate (10.75 %). Seeds stratified at 5 °C had increase in germination in first weeks, but lost it during storage. On the other hand, seeds stored in dry at 20 °C firstly were in dormancy, but they lost it gradually during storage.
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Vykazování biologických aktiv a zemědělské produkce dle české účetní úpravy a IFRS
Kladivo, Jaroslav
This work deals with the reporting of biological assets and agricultural produce according to Czech accounting standards and IFRS. In the theoretical section is outlined process of accounting harmonization in the world and in the European Union. There are also analyzed the requirements for reporting and measurement of biological assets and agricultural produce according to Czech accounting standards and International Financial Reporting Standards. At the end of this chapter the key differences are summarized between the accounting systems. In the practical section, these systems are applied to the selected biological assets and agricultural produce and the results are then compared and evaluated the impact of the valuation according to these systems to the values of selected financial statements for the selected company.
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Biological methods of monitoring insecticides resistant populations of selected oilseed rape pests
Zdražil, Adam ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The literary part of the thesis describes biology, economic importance and methods of chemical protection against pollen beetle, cabbage seed weevil and cabbage stem flea beetle. The resistance of these pests against zoocides in the Czech republic and in some parts of neighbour European countries is decribed and principles of antiresistance strategies are outlined. Each group of insecticides is describd and their active components are rated in the practical part of the thesis. Findings about pest resistance are summarized - resistance types and mechanisms in particular. Then monitoring of resistent populations of plant pests are described.
New findings concerning the resistance of three oilseed rape pests were acquired using biological methods. For cabage seed weevil six areas were evaluated, for pollen beetle seven and for cabbage stem flea beetle two areas were evaluated. All the evaluated areas are in the Czech republic.
The adult-vial test number 11, nr. 25, nr. 27 accordinng to IRAC methodology and topical aplication test were used to rate the resistance. The efficiency of five pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, tau-fluvalinate, cypermethrin), one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos - cabbage stem flea beetle only) and one oxadiazin (indoxacarb) in different concentrations were rated.
The mortality of the pests was rated 24 hours after active component functioning for pollen beetle and cabbage seed weevil and after 48 hours for cabage stem flea beetle. Then lethal concentration LC50 and LC95 values were assessed.
For ppollen beetle, the resistance against pyrethroids was confirmed with the exception, the effect of neonicotinoids was variable, acetamiprid and thiacloprid showed reduced efficiency in populations of some areas. Assessed populations of cabbage seed weevil and cabbage stem flea beetle were very sensitive to pyrethroids, but neonicotinoids showed insufficient efficiency. The indoxacarb sensitivity of pollen beetle and cabbage stem flea beetle was high.
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Optimization of the Synthesis of 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro- pyran-2-one
Krenk, Ondřej ; Pour, Milan (advisor) ; Klimešová, Věra (referee)
Treatment of cancer still requires searching of new antineoplastics. Studies of biological activity of natural produkts show, that wide spektrum of biological aktivity have α,β- unsaturated-δ-laktons as potential substance with cytostatik aktivity. Goal of this work is optimalization of synthesis of 3-(4-bromfenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one as analogue of biologically active substance with potential cytostatic effect against cell line of colorectal carcinoma. Results obtained from this work can be employed in the development of simplier and more economical synthesis of potential biologically active analogues of α,β- unsaturated-δ-lactones.
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Investigation of the stability of novel drug candidates in biological materials
Bechná, Lenka ; Kovaříková, Petra (advisor) ; Pilařová, Pavla (referee)
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most frequently used analytical techniques for the analysis of drugs. Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is a parental compound of the new group of the selective iron chelators derived from aroylhydrazone, which are currently intensively investigated as promising drug candidates. Besides the ability to bind iron, PIH was shown to posses other pharmacological effects: cardioprotective, antioxidative and cytoprotective. This work deals with the investigation of the stability of water-soluble salt of PIH (PIH·2HCl) in three biological materials (rabbit plasma, BSA solution and ultrafiltrate) using HPLC. The half-lives of PIH in these media were calculated as well. The measurement was executed with the guard column Lichrocart - 4×4 mm I.D. (Purospher RP-18C, 5 µm) and the analytical column Lichrocart - 250×4 mm I.D. (Lichrospher 100, RP-18 C, 5 µm). The mobile phase was composed of methanol/acetonitrile (in the ratio 24:14) and phosphate buffer (NaH2PO4 0,01mol/l; pH 6,0 - adjusted by 10% solution NaOH) + EDTA (1,0 mmol/l), in the ratio 50:50. Flow rate was 1 ml/min. The detection was executed in the ultraviolet spectrum at the wavelength of 297 nm. The stability of the PIH was characterized by its half-lives in plasma - t 1/2 = 29 min., BSA...
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Testing of bioeffectors on phosphorus mobility in soils
Holečková, Zlata ; Balík, Jiří (advisor)
Crave for increase in agricultural production over the past sixty years reflects in widespread use of mineral fertilizers. Due to the growth of the world population an increase of overall demand for feed and food is expected. Limited availability of cultivatable soil and increasing dependance on mineral fertilizers can be also anticipated. It is therefore important to find alternative strategies for plant nutrition. In 2012, the project of cooperation between several universities in Europe was revealed. This project examines the use of bioeffectors in crop production. Use of these substances should help to reduce the input of mineral fertilizers used in agriculture and improve land usage. Thesis will perform testing in real conditions of different geographic locations. The main objective is to develop new approaches to the use of so-called bioeffectors based on the mechanism of action of living microorganisms and active natural substances. Bioeffectors may be, depending on soil and climatic conditions, a key factor for overcoming limitations in the availability of nutrients. They can contain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and active natural compounds (digest from soil or compost, microbial residues, plant extracts, metabolites from biological processes, dried herb material or seaweed). These substances are developed for a wide variety of crops (e.g. corn, wheat and tomatoes). Their effectiveness consists in nutrients mobilization from less accessible forms in the soil. The thesis is mainly focused on the impact of bioeffectors on various forms of phosphorus in the soil. Phosphorus in the soil belongs to essential elements necessary for the growth and development of plants. Despite its necessity in plant metabolism is its content in the soil relatively low. A higher phosphorus content is in most samples of soil mainly in the surface area because an increased biological activity occurs there causing the accumulation of organic material. Some influence can be also observed in connection with application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Amount of phosphorus in soil may vary depending on parental rock type, texture and land management (the ratio of P supplied and type and method of land cultivation). Above mentioned influences even have an effect on relative amount of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Three basic groups of phosphorus contained in the soil can be described: inorganic phosphorus compounds, organically bound phosphorus and exchangeable absorbed phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus bound in the fractions depends mainly on the time of fertilizer application, including the impact of earlier interventions. For these reasons, it is necessary to execute detailed analysis of the various forms of phosphorus in the soil after application of mineral fertilizers together with bioeffectors. In this dissertation variety of pot and field experiments will be set up, where samples from each variation of soil and plant will be separated and researched. Samples will be analyzed and amounts of phosphorus will be measured.
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