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Occurrence of woman cervical cancer in South Bohemian Region.
NĚMCOVÁ, Eva
Cervical cancer represents an enormous health, psychological and social stress for every woman. The most important risk factor in the development of cervical carcinoma, which the second most common malignant cancer in women, is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus - a very frequent sexually transmitted disease. More than 100 types of HPV are acknowledged to exist, with HPV 16 and 18 being classified as high-risk types in particular. Worldwide, 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed every year. In the Czech Republic, there are 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year, out of which up to 400 women die. It is estimated that there will be up to 1,000,000 new cases of cervical cancer by 2050 unless the prevention is improved. Every woman is at risk of developing cervical cancer. HPV is sexually transmitted, however not only by sexual intercourse but also by skin-to-skin-contact with infected areas. Other risk factors in the development of the disease are: first sexual intercourse at early age, the number of sexual partners, smoking, other sexually transmitted diseases and a long term use of hormonal contraception. Use of condoms, which protects against sexually transmitted diseases, reduces the transmission of HPV by up to 70%. Having regular gynaecological check-ups with Pap smears is crucial for cervical cancer screening, as the screening suggests the presence of cytological abnormalities and pre-cancer. However, it cannot detect all types of premalignant changes and early stages of the carcinoma. Two vaccines have recently been developed, effective against the most frequent oncogenic strains of HPV (16 and 18), which currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Active immunisation against human papillomavirus is the first vaccination against carcinoma. Together with screening, it represents the best prevention method against cervical carcinoma. Based on the research of technical literature, the first part of the dissertation gives an overall view of the issue of cervical carcinoma. The second part of the dissertation deals with the research, eliciting the knowledge and attitude of women from Southern Bohemian towns in the field of cervical carcinoma prevention in the period of December 2008 - March 2009 and comparing it to technical literature.
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Examination of HPV as part of cervical cancer prevention
PETŘÍKOVÁ, Petra
Sexually transmitted HPV infection (human papillomavirus), or infection with human papillomavirus, is a decisive factor in cervix carcinoma etiology. Human papillomaviruses are considered to be the most frequent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. In women, the life-long risk of infection is 80%. High-risk genotypes (high-risk HR HPV 16, HPV 18) were classified among carcinogens. The risk of cervix carcinoma in a woman who is HR HPV positive is 100 to 400 times higher compared to a woman who is HR HPV negative. The first part of my thesis contains a brief theoretical overview of HPV history, structure and classification. The next part deals with the ways of HPV transmission and the incubation period of the pathogenic agent in question. The incubation period as well as the replication cycle of the virus depend on the extent of infection and on the status of the immune system. Increased occurrence of papillomavirus infection is found in persons with a damaged component of cell immunity. In the further part of the thesis I focused on the diagnostic procedures and tests proving HPV infection including its clinical manifestations. Continued HPV infection, together with other relevant factors (smoking, immunodeficiency, lack of vitamins, stress, vaginal infection and hormone influence), increases the probability of cervix carcinoma occurrence. Here I also mention the histopathological classification, prognosis and treatment of these tumors. Considering the occurrence of cervix carcinoma, the situation in the CR is not as favorable as in other advanced countries where the screening is more effective. For comparison, the incidence and mortality in the CR are presented within global scale. Further on I attempted to stress the importance of primary prevention, mainly vaccination. The parts of secondary prevention mentioned in the thesis are preventive examinations, colposcopy, oncological cytology, serological methods and HPV test. The aim of my thesis is to emphasize the importance of testing for human papilloma virus HPV tests carried out in high risk group of women aged over 35 years within the system of preventive examinations. However, nowadays these examinations are accomplished just in women with an abnormal cytological finding. My thesis summarizes the quantitative findings as regards HPV tests done on the basis of determining the nucleic acid of human papillomaviruses by hybridization method with enhanced signal using chemiluminiscence detection. The detection of HPV was achieved with the use of the sets hc2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test and hc 2 HPV DNA Test from QIAGEN company. The thesis includes results of the tests for high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68) found in 767 women over the period from January 1 2010 to December 31 2013. The tests were carried out at the Medical Microbiology Ward of the Hospital Jindřichův Hradec, a joint-stock company. The group of women with already positive cytological finding was divided into six age categories to highlight the high-risk groups of women over 35 and over 65. As I myself belong to the high-risk group over 35, my intention was to prove the hypothesis that the cause of the cytological changes in women over 35 can be attributed to the dangerous types of human papillomavirus. Finally, after carrying out the analysis of the obtained results, I attempted to propose a solution which could be used in practice.
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Importace of verification treatment irradiaton position of IMRT prostate
KŘÍŽOVÁ, Marcela
Prostate cancer is the most frequent oncological disease in men. Based on the disease phase and extent, patiens with prostate carcinoma diagnosis are treated with number of different therapies including radical prostatectomy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, brachytherapy, conventional radiotherapy, conformal radiotherapy and combination of these. This Bachelor Thesis deals with prostate carcinoma treatment using a special conformal radiotherapy method - IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy). The first section describes the disease charakter from the clinical point of view and the disease diagnosis, followed by treatment modalities. The main part examines and describes IMRT, treatment planning and resultes from statistic evaluation of irradiation position deviations. IMRT technique allows escalation of the irradiation dose while protecting critical structures. In this way the patient can be irradiated with a total dose of 80 grays (Gy). Patients are irradiated in a linear accelerator. Modulation of the radiation beam using multileaf collimator allows irradiation of different segments of target volume with different doses, so that overal homogenity of the irradiation treatment is achieved through nonhomogenous distribution of the dose. Escalation of the irradiation dose is in a close relationship with the irradiaion position and isocentre position kontrol, so that the treatment quality is guaranteed preventing damane to surrounding healthy tissue. Fixing the patient in irradiation position as well as reproductibility of the position is of essentials importance. The isocentre in irradiation position is verified efore every fraction. Verification portal images are acquired using EPID (Electonic Portal Image Device) Portal Vision LC 250 and then compared with reference verification images acquired by CT when planning the treatment. Portal images are made up of two fields of 12x12 cm size under 0 and 90 or 270 degrees. Deviations are recorded in craniocaudal, mediolateral and anterior-posterior axes, and if they exceed 3mm, the irradiation position is corrected on the irradiation table. In this Thesis, deviations in a group of 30 patients were evaluated using the Aria-Offline Review programme which is an accesory to the treatment planning system. In one third of the statistical group of patient, deviations identified using on offline review were compared with deviations identified by start efore each fraction. Dutiny statistical processing, deviations were recorded within ranges 0-3 mm, 3,1-5 mm and over 5mm. 69% of acceptable deviations were recorded within the 0-3 mm range in the craniocaudal axis, 71% in the mediolateral axis and 67% in the anterior-posterior axis. Based on a complete analysis and evaluation of the deviations we can conclude that verification of the irradiation position in treatment of prostate carcinoma using IMRT is essentials to guarantee the irradiation treatment quality. We have also verified that deviations between 0 and 3 mm are acceptable and in no way impair the treatment quality.
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Evaluation of the vaccination against the papilomaviruses at the students of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice
SHÝBALOVÁ, Ivana
The diploma work concerns the actual problem of papilomavirus infection and the vaccination against its originators. The gravity lies in the human-organism attack and the further proceeding changes in the human cells and mucous membranes. In many cases this leads to the pre-cancer states or even worse, to the cervix carcinoma. The work is divided into two parts, first theory, and second practice. The aim was to evaluate the vaccination against papilomviruses at the female-students of the University firstly, secondly to map the topic knowledge, and thirdly to monitor if the female-students visit their gynaecologist on regular basis. The theory concerns all the epidemiology, virology, clinical and diagnosis aspects of the papilomavirus infections, including the vaccination as a prevention possibility. In practice, there were run two anonymous questionnaire searches, first aimed on the female-students, second on the male-students only. The questions were focused on the level of the topic knowledge and the level of the both sex students vaccination, including the reasons of their non-interest in the possible vaccination, next the frequency of the girls? screenings in the gynaecologist practices. The research proved certain level of the respondents? topic knowledge and compared the existing differences among faculties. Another research conclusion is that the vaccination of the female-respondents is not very high, only 23,75% has already been vaccinated against the virus. Many young ladies underestimate the vaccination, and have more or less serious reasons why not to have them vaccinated. More than half of the respondents don?t do so because of the vaccine high price. This work should serve the women and young ladies, but also the young men as a source of the needed information. This means to improve the virus knowledge itself, its means of transmission, the diagnosis process or the treatment possibilities; overall the ways of primary prevention, with the ways of infection expanding prevention.
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University students awareness about cervical cancer risk and its prevention
MÜLLEROVÁ, Jana
In worldwide basis, the carcinoma of cervix is the second most frequent malignant tumour in women. There is up to 1200 new cases diagnosed in our country every year. Considering the sad fact that more than 400 women die in our country every year, the battle against the carcinoma of cervix became recently one of the priorities of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. The nationwide screening focused on early detection of cervical cancer was launched in our country in 2008. The dissertation paper entitled ``Awareness of university students of the risk of cervical cancer and its prevention`` is mainly focused on monitoring of awareness of university students of the risk of cervical cancer disease and the possible ways of its prevention. The assessed group was made of university students, young women from South Bohemian and Prague universities. In the research part of the dissertation the author used a method of questioning with the technique of data collection using anonymous questionnaire. The research has revealed that the students have basic knowledge on the issue of cervical carcinoma, namely in the area of risk and prevention. It was also found that the awareness of the students of the South Region on this issue was much better than of the students in the Prague region. Despite the overall positive results, the research shows the need to inform the public especially about the hazards of smoking as a possible risk factor associated with cancer. It is also necessary to expand knowledge of women in already developed symptoms of the disease. There is currently only one known - bleeding after intercourse. In the area of prevention it is also desirable to highlight the availability of some special examinations for men, while appealing to the possibility of lifelong disability as a serious consequence of this disease. Research shows that it is still necessary to inform more and better the public about this issue. From the views of the respondents it is clear that in addition to ads aimed at promoting vaccination, the problems of the disease is poorly presented. This is confirmed by the fact that students do not know any organization focused on this problem. To a good awareness of women in this field, in terms of risks, prevention and possible vaccination, should contribute especially gynaecologists, together with the midwives, because as part of the preventive visits they have the opportunity to address the women and to specifically discuss the issues with them. It is unfortunately evident from the research that these doctors inform minimally about the possible ways of prevention. In my opinion, to respond to the observed facts and to refine and improve the information system for a maximum possible way it is in the interests of all women and girls, whether by improving the own work of gynaecologists, as well as improving awareness about this problem through the media or by using a variety of booklets and leaflets in offices of other physicians, that are currently seen only sporadically.
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Prevention of cervical cancer
Lhotáková, Petra ; Šafář, Petr (advisor)
Cancer of the cervix is the third most common gynecological cancer diseases in the Czech Republic and is the second leading cause of death from malignant consequences disease in women aged 15-44 years in Europe. The Czech Republic is cervical cancer throat diagnosed each year with approximately a thousand women, with almost 400 women in this disease die . The pathogenesis of this cancer is multifactorial , the essential role plays a persistent infection risk types of human papilloma virus, HPV , which is proven at about 3-5 % of women aged 35-40 years. Due to the frequent occurrence of this tumor disease for many years introduced secondary preventive screening, aimed at the detection of precancerous and early invasive breast forms , which are very good therapeutic influenced . Substantial progress in recent years is the possibility of primary prevention of these diseases using HPV vaccine viruses. Both vaccines available on the market are targeted against the two major types of HPV - types 16 and 18 are responsible for approximately 70 % of high grade cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The efficacy of these vaccines was observed in a number of randomized , placebo-controlled trials in which the demonstrated excellent immunogenicity leading to seroconversion in virtually all vaccinated people. Above...
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Smoking and cancer
Slaatta, Mari ; Čelko, Alexander (advisor)
Tobacco is the most common exogenous cause of human cancers, being responsible for 90 % of human lung cancers. Cigarette smoking causes, worldwide , more than 4 million deaths annually, mostly from cardiovascular disease, various types of cancers, and chronic respiratory problems. It is expected that there will be more than 8 million tobaccorelated deaths yearly by 2020, the major increase occurring in the developing countries. It has been estimated that of the people alive today, approximately 500 million will die from tobacco-related illnesses. Smoking is probably the most preventable cause of human death. It reduces overall survival and the impact is dose dependent. Unfortunately the prevalence of smoking is increasing in young people, particularly women. (Robbins, Basic Pathology, 2006) When people think of cancers caused by smoking, the first one that comes to mind is always lung cancer. Most cases of lung cancer death, close to 90% in men, and 80% in women are caused by cigarette smoking. There are several other forms of cancer attributed to smoking as well, and they include cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bladder, stomach, cervix, kidney and pancreas, and acute myeloid leukemia. (about.com-cancer statistics, smoking and cancer in U.S , 2005). In this thesis I will try to put my...
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Role of STAT3 signalling in oncogenesis and cancer therapy
Machalová, Veronika ; Hodný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Brábek, Jan (referee)
STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) is considered to be one of the possible targets of cancer treatment. The ability of STAT3 constitutive activation to form tumors is a foundation of such theories. Additionally, constitutively activated STAT3 is present in many types of cancer with high occurrence, such as breast and prostate carcinoma. This protein is required in normal body cells as well. STAT3 is a transcription factor targeting many genes that are essential for the cell. STAT3 is activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue and homodimerization. Proteins transcribed with help of STAT3 function in cell cycle progression, cell growth, replication, negative regulation of apoptosis, and other roles, typical for cancer. Moreover, STAT3 is modulating mitochondrial function and maintaining ROS production in mitochondria, but in form of transcriptionally inactive monomers. The purpose of this Thesis is to review known data about STAT3 in oncogenesis and by that, to show STAT3 has great potential to become the target of cancer treatment. This Thesis contains a short overview of known STAT3 inhibitors as well. Key words: Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), JAK/STAT3 pathway, constitutive activation, cancer, tumor, inhibitor, mitochondria, apoptosis
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