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Microbiota of the digestive tract of bees and related insect and the influencing facftors
Hroncová, Zuzana ; Havlík, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kalous, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis consists of six research chapters, out of which, five have already been published in research journals, 1 is in the process of submission and the last chapter presents original unpublished confidential data in the process of manuscript preparation.
The research presented in this thesis concerns the complex mechanisms of bees and wasps immune system focused on microbiota as component of immunity. As shown in the introduction, highly social and managed species of bees like honey bees and bumble bees, play key roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. Recent losses of bees have been attributed to pesticide exposure, poor nutrition, increased parasite loads and habitat degradation. Over the past several years, governments, beekeepers, and the general public worldwide have become concerned by increased losses of honey bee colonies, calling for more research on how to keep colonies healthy. Our main aim was to explore the complex mechanisms of bees and related species gut bacterial populations, their links to insect immunity and investigate the opportunities for an intervention. Part of our aim was to characterise the bumble bee and wasp gut microbiota using 16S RNA sequencing in a search for potentially novel bacterial species.
We have tried to explain how microbiome interacts with the host and showed that major members of these communities appear to benefit the host. The simple gut communities of social bees present ideal model systems to investigate the underlying evolutionary and genetic processes of such interactions. Information based on our results may help in the design of proper probiotic supplementation strategies with respect to physiological conditions in the honey bee gut.
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Total contents and speciation of arsenic and selenium in plants growing in soils with different physico-chemical properties
Tremlová, Jana ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vymazal, Jan (referee)
This dissertation thesis deals with uptake, accumulation and transformation of arsenic and selenium in plants growing on soils with different chemico-physical soil properties. The contents of arsenic were investigated in 99 wild plant species, coming from 27 different families and 6 different vegetables growing in arsenic contaminated soils. The results suggest that there are species-specific mechanisms which protects certain plants from the excessive uptake of arsenic from the soil. On the other hand, there are plants using a strategy of accumulation, which theoretically may increase the risk of arsenic entry into the food chain, whether through grazing cattle and wildlife or through consumption of vegetables growing on arsenic contaminated soils. The most prevalent arsenic compounds are AsV and AsIII. Other arsenic compounds occure as minor species. An important finding was detection of arsenobetaine in Plantago lanceolata L. and Carex praecox Schreb ..
The contents of selenium were examined in 73 species of wild plants, coming from 29 different families. The results suggest that naturally low levels of selenium in the soil of selected locations along with a low capability of selenium uptake via collected plant species lead to the low content of selenium in plant biomass which may contribute to selenium deficient throughout the food chain. Foliar application of selenate on wild plant communities and on some types of vegetables in our case Brassica oleracea var. italica can have a positive impact on increasing the selenium content in the aboveground biomass of these plants and by extension, increase the selenium content in the human diet. Dominant selenium compounds in the aboveground biomass of the analyzed plants were SeVI and selenomethionine, with variable proportion of other commonly occurring organic selenium compounds, which is mainly affected by plant species.
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Project management in selected company
POKORNÝ, Radek
This work deals with project management in chosen company. It has two parts. The first part is theoretical, which is focused to theoretical treatment of the subject. It explains what is the project, management of projects, organizations of projects, processes of project management, what is target of project, communication, control, changes and risks and more. In the practical part I focused to concrete company and project management and than I analyzed concrete project. Name of the mentioned company is OHL ŽS, a.s. It is company from Spain, which acts all over the world. In the Czech Republic has the base in Brno. This company has several divisions and every of them is focused to different professional architecture. I have chosen division of structural engineering. This division builds all kinds of buildings. It could be construction of new buildings or reconstruction. To analysis of chosen project I used various business documents, contracts with investor or suppliers, document which include billing, timetable. I especially used my experience with projects of this company, and I was part of this project. Name of this project is Reconstruction of cladding including replacement windows and insulation. During the analysis of project I found a couple major gaps. If we could avoid these gaps, we could increase profit. These graphs is especially in management. At the beginning there were appointed two temporary construction managers. They doesn't care about result project, because they knew that they will not be to the end of the project. These gaps are because there is missing motivation system. Project manager can´t affect results of employees. It doesn´t depend on performance of employees, they always has the same wages. For elimination of these gaps I proposed several suggestions for improvement. The first suggestion is modification and extension of motivation system. New motivation system include personal evaluation. This evaluation depends on performance of employee. The second part is bonus from over profit. The next suggestion is make a new working position. This position would take care about controlling and project documentation. During the building project, especially at the end is construction manager very busy. It depend of decision of construction 63 manager what kind of activity will have prefer. Project documentation and administration or controlling of building works. If they are doing everything correct and technology are respect. Suggested position would take care about invoices, real work, which is done, project documentation, controlling of budget. The third suggestion is purchase of small machinery such as chipping hammers and drills. At this time they rent all devices. Rent is higher than purchase price. The last suggestion is use credit to restoration of fleet. At this time they have obsolete fleet, because the bought all cars by cash. It is not conveniently.
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High normal pressure and hypertension of children and adolescents
KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina
In children and adolescents, high normal blood pressure is often present. People with high normal blood pressure show a short time prerequisite to the formation of arterial hypertension. Hypertension occurs most often in children as asymptomatic. Increased blood pressure in children is most often discovered during preventive examinations by a general practitioner for children and adolescents. This thesis contains information about the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, a blood pressure measurement sister, evaluation of blood pressure, high normal pressure, high blood pressure in children, the role of nurses in primary care pediatricians in the area of communication and education, and treatment of high normal pressure and hypertension. Objectives The first goal was to explore how children adhere regime measures for the prevention of high normal pressure and hypertension. It used this research question: How children adhere regime measures for the prevention of high normal pressure and hypertension? The second objective was to determine the role of nurses in the care of children with high normal pressure and hypertension. The second research question is: What is the role of the nurses in taking care of children with a normal high pressure and hypertension? Methods used In the research part of the thesis, we used the method of qualitative research, questioning method and technique-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded on a Dictaphone and then transcribed literally. Four sisters and three mothers did not wish to be recorded, so they were interviewed at polling literally written on paper. For research, two research files were created. The first sample consisted of six nurses, who were working in GP surgery for children and adolescents in the South Region. Second survey consisted of six people selected from among parents of children with high normal pressure and hypertension, also from South Bohemia. Results The transcribed interviews were investigated by open coding method, pencil and paper. Resulted in 9 categories: Cardiovascular disease, role of the nurse, pressure measurement, blood pressure, hypertension, pressure measurement, recommendation, Lifestyle, Leisure. Individual categories were assigned to subcategories, which are encoded core data. Conclusion The first research confirms nurses working in a pediatrician's office for children and adolescents, the most common cardiovascular disease in the general hypertension. They argue that the role of nurses in primary care pediatricians is properly measure blood pressure and make the education of children and parents in the area. The respondents concurred in the principles of how to properly measure blood pressure measurement are available for at least three cuff sizes. Informants have basic information about high normal pressure and hypertension, and said that, in the offices of primary care pediatricians to conduct checks blood pressure of preventive examinations or troubled child. Informants reported that blood pressure control and education on blood pressure occurs, but in the second research study showed that children and adolescents do not comply with the recommended recommendations in this area, perhaps because they are less motivated. Neither sister nor the parents have not mentioned, they would receive educational aids such as brochures and sample menus.The second research showed that parents most often found elevated blood pressure in primary care pediatricians, either for reasons of preventive examinations or difficulty a child. On the control measurements came at least three times. Respondents agreed on the recommendations they received in the office GPCY such as reducing the weight of the child, regular physical activity, restriction of salt and proper diet the child, but not all children and adolescents comply with these recommendations. The research results will be provided to the journal Pediatrics practice.
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Communication of medics with the parents of a child patient.
ŽÁKOVÁ, Nikola
The theoretical part is divided into eleven chapters. The first chapter deals with the definition of communication. The second chapter describes the kinds of communication, including verbal and nonverbal. The third chapter discusses the communication skills of nurses. In the fourth chapter we expanded on the communication of the nurse with a child patient. The fifth chapter describes the basics of communication between nurses and parents of child patients. The sixth chapter discusses a situation where the nurse communicates with parents of a disabled and dying child. The seventh chapter describes the communication of nurses at the pediatric department. The eighth chapter contains the specifics of the children's department. In the ninth chapter is divided into childage. The tenth chapter discusses communication as a part of nursing care. A final chapter describes the process of hospitalization of children and their parents. The thesis is divided into theoretical and empirical parts. Much of the theory is described above whereas the empirical section describes the results of the research. Objectives and research questions The first objective of this thesis was to investigate how the nurse communicates with the parents of a child patient. The second objective was to determine whether a parent understands the information given by the sister and the final objective was to determine any errors that the nurse makes when they communicate with parents of child patients. Research questions: 1. How the nurse communicates with the parent of a child patient? 2. How does the nurse inform parents of a child patient? 3. How a parent of a child patient assesses the clarity of the information provided by the nurse? 4. What mistakes nurse makes in communication with the parents of a child patient? Methodics For the research a survey was chosen to provide qualitative information, which was obtained via interviews. The second methodology used in this work is called participant observation. Data for the first part of the survey was obtained through semi-structured interviews with the parents of hospitalized children. Interviews were conducted on the basis of questions prepared in advance. If necessary, the interview was supplemented with other issues. The interview was to determine how children were admitted to the children's department, what information reached parents about the examination of the child, and also the overall impression of the nurses on the ward. We asked parents about the verbal and nonverbal communication of sisters. They described the errors they found in the communication and behavior of nurses. The second part of the research was anonymous on the pediatric ward of the hospital where nurses evaluated verbal and nonverbal communication skills. The research group The research set for the first part of the survey consisted of seven mothers of children hospitalized in the pediatric ward. The mothers were in different hospitals in the Czech Republic. The research set for the second part of the investigation, which was carried out by observation technique, consists of six nurses employed at the pediatric ward of a state hospital. Nurses were selected randomly. They are of different ages and they have different length of practice and other training.
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A nursing issue: peripheral venous catheter
TOMÁNKOVÁ NOVÁKOVÁ, Monika
Peripheral venous catheter is used to access the venous system. It is one of the most commonly used invasive procedures in health care facilities. This procedure falls within the competence and daily tasks of nurses. Therefore this type of nursing care is susceptible to risk of proceeding routinely which might result in conscious or unconscious errors. Peripheral venous catheter needs to be introduced into the patient's vein in the following cases: planned parenteral nutrition, infusion or transfusion therapy, application of intravascular medication or contrast media, rehydration, blood sampling (which can be performed immediately after introducing the peripheral venous catheter and before administrating medication) and also during an emergency care for critically ill (such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Nurses should be as knowledgeable as possible about this issue so that the peripheral venous catheter can be introduced well and fulfil its purpose. It is important to ensure that nurses obtain all the necessary information about their patients before inserting the catheter and that they are able to properly inform the patients about the procedure and to communicate with them. Next, nurses should be familiar with the correct procedure for inserting catheters, they should be informed about possible contraindications and know how to choose the correct type of catheter as well as where to place it. Furthermore, nurses should care for this vascular access correctly and provide the patient with enough information about taking care of the catheter after the procedure. Finally, nurses should be aware of their own potential errors and also of possible complications. Therefore they should employ aseptic technique so that they can eliminate nosocomial infections. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part focuses on the history of peripheral venous catheters and their types, indications and contraindications, necessary equipment, nursing care, complications, etc. The empirical part consists of a research. The aim of the thesis was to map the use of peripheral venous catheters in hospitals as well as to identify factors that may lead to problems among the patients with peripheral venous catheters. Four research questions were assigned to these aims. 1. What is the procedure prior to inserting a peripheral venous catheter? 2. What are the standards of caring for patients with an inserted peripheral venous catheter? 3. In which steps of caring for peripheral venous catheters do the nurses lack knowledge? What equipment do the nurses prepare in order to insert a peripheral venous catheter? The Bachelor's thesis was conducted using a qualitative research survey. The methods of collecting data included semi-structured interviews and participant observations. The research was carried out only in one hospital ward and it was anonymous. First, the data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview. The nurses were asked 14 questions (see Appendix 8). During this interview, several more subquestions were added. The results of the interviews were then grouped into several categories for the sake of clarity. The second method of collecting data was participant observation. The observed facts were recorded into an observation sheet (see Appendix 9). The same nurses who were interviewed were also observed. This Bachelor's thesis has been written in order to provide a basic overview of the peripheral venous catheters. It could be used as an information source for more experienced as well as novice nurses. The practical output of this Bachelor's thesis is a nursing care standard concerning peripheral venous catheters. This standard was missing in the hospital ward and could help the nurses to take care of these vascular accesses, to proceed correctly and eliminate possible errors (see Appendix10).
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Land Abandonment in the Mediterranean Effects on Butterfly Communities with Respect to Life History Traits
ŠLANCAROVÁ, Jana
This thesis deals with the effects of changing land use, following landscape abandonment, on butterfly communities in the Mediterranean Basin. It consists of three case studies. The first focuses on the effects of forest encroachment on butterflies in the Southern Balkans; the second studies butterfly communities in Portuguese 'montados' and the third explores demography and life histories of three co-occurring Papilionidae butterfly species (Archon apollinus, Zerynthia polyxena and Zerynthia cerisy) in Greek Thrace. The results describe shifts in butterfly communities, detectable even at the level of individual species life history traits, with increasing forest encroachment. The preference of range-restricted Mediterranean endemics for either grasslands or open woodland formations contributes to falsifying the forested Mediterranean hypothesis, favouring a hypothesis of finely grained landscape mosaic instead. This mosaic is currently threatened by land use change and biodiversity homogenisation. Maintaining habitat and landscape heterogeneity is crucial for conserving the Mediterranean biodiversity hot-spot.
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Vascular plants along the roads in the Jizerské hory Mts – the effect of altitude and contact habitat
Titěra, Jan ; Boublík, Karel (advisor) ; Černý, Tomáš (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis was to map the incidence of vascular plants along the various categories of roads and crossroads at different altitudes and in different contact habitats (forests × meadow) and identify invasive species. The species were mapped to a total of 120 sites, including 45 sites accounted for forest roads, 40 sites meadow paths and 35 sites forest crossroads. There were found 3 strongly endangered species and 5 endangered species. From the total non-native species was found a large proportion of naturalized and invasive species that could potentially threaten natural communities. DCCA analysis was found that the species composition invasive plant reacts to the individually environmental variables statistically significant. It was also found large share of competitive strategies, and a small share of stress-tolerant strategists. Furthermore, it was found that the species composition of the flora responds to altitude statistically highly significant. DCA analysis was found affiliation species to categories of roads and crossroads, level of traffic and to contact habitats. Furthermore was used CCA analysis. It was found that the species composition of the plant reacts to the presence of trees present in the surrounding vegetation statistically highly significant. Part of the work has also been gathering literature data about the relationship between flora and roads, vectors of spread plants and alien species and flora of roads in Jizera mountains. The results were compared with other works, and complemented by own knowledge of the author, in the discussion. Contribution of work consists in mapping the flora of roads and crossroads in many locations in Jizera mountains, botanical supplement data and the identification of potentially invasive species expanding along the roads. The results of this study should serve as a basis for preventive or protectionist measures implemented in Jizera mountains.
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Reintroduction of endangered vertebrate species in the Czech Republic
Prokorátová, Vendula ; Kubík, Štěpán (advisor) ; Vynikalová, Lucie (referee)
Reintroduction process, often also called repatriation, restoration of populations of
a certain species in areas where this specie was toner occurred. This work is focused on the evaluation of reintroduction, including problems that accompany it and its history. For succesfull renew of the population shall the reintroduction program have three phases. First of them is the reintroduction efore the surfy and the preparation phase. Following phase is the achal lunch of the species into to wild and final phase of reintroduction project is the follow-up care and monitoring. Reintroduction program should always involve experts from various disciplines and not only in science but also in sociology and specialists to communicate with the public. The success is also given by the cosi of these projects. Problems associated with re-introductions are several. Important thing is to select appropriate species for reintroduction which is not easy especially because of public opinion. Professional basis for the selection of species is the Red book but public opinion is in reintroduction programs very important and can be decisive. Attractive species get preference from the public view especially mammals and birds. Furthermore there are examples of successful reintroduction in the world in this work. The main par is focused on individual species of vertebrates which are relaesed into the wild in the Czech Republic: Ground squirrel Spermophilus citellus, Lyns Lynx Linch and Ural owl Strix uralensis. Each of these species is described in detail and it also includes conservation activities and cause sof Langer or extincting of species. Some organizations which are dealing with emergency programs in particular are also briefly mentioned.
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