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Vytvoření podmínek pro efektivnější využívání ekonomických nástrojů: Podklady pro aplikaci ekonomických nástrojů (poplatků). Hodnocení efektivnosti poplatků v ochraně ovzduší. Hodnocení efektivnosti poplatků v odpadovém hospodářství
CENIA, česká informační agentura životního prostředí, Praha ; Hadrabová, Alena ; Kreuz, Jaroslav ; Šauer, Petr ; Prášek, Jan
Projekt se zabýval vytvořením prostředí, ve kterém by bylo možné sbírat, analyzovat a vyhodnocovat informace o ekonomických nástrojích. Stěžejními výstupy jsou: databáze ekonomických nástrojů zemí EU a její hodnocení, elektronický systém evidence poplatků a hodnocení jeho efektivnosti, metodika pro analýzu dopadů poplatků na životní prostředí a vlastní analýza funkce poplatků a přechodu od poplatků k daním. Hlavní obsah sdělení je uveden v přílohách.

Technical Analysis in Foreign Exchange
Hurdálek, Michal ; Procházka, Petr (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with trading in the forex market. The theoretical part describes the Forex market, its history, when it traded, what is traded, which entities are involved in the market and selected basic concepts, that you must know in this market. There are also basic procedures and rules as the speculative individual should behave on the market in different situations and how to distribute the funds, to avoid a large percentage losses of the capital, as the foundation of financial literacy should think about knowledge. At the conclusion of the practical part, there is the technical analysis, that justifies and predicts the future development of exchange rates. Technical analysis is followed by a practical part, which describes the transactions, that were carried out under real conditions on the currency pair EUR / USD. These transactions were carried out using two technical indicators, Moving averages and Bollinger bands. At the conclusion of the work, there is the evaluation of these two indicators, which one was more profitable for us.

Stress situations and nursing personnel
MAREŠOVÁ, Lucie
This thesis deals with the stressful situations in the profession of the nursing staff. The occupation of the nurse belongs to the most demanding ones. In this occupation, the nurse is permanently affected by many stressors of different types. She faces death, the suffering, dying and incurably ill people very often. She is there in times of pain, agony and suffering. Personal encounters with these difficult situations require highly professional approach but most of all, they present immense work stress for the nurse. The theory section describes mainly the stressful situations that are the most common and most difficult in the work of the nursing staff. The next part of the theory section describes possible consequences of the stressful situations and methods of managing them including the support by the management. This thesis has two objectives. The first objective was to map the manners used by the nursing personnel to cope with the stressful situations brought by their profession. The second objective was to find out the difference in the coping with the stressful situations between the hospital staff and hospice staff. The research section of this thesis contains the quantitative research done using the technique of an anonymous questionnaire with 20 question prepared by ourselves. The questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff of all categories in the hospital and hospice care. It was completed by 269 respondents in total. The data was statistically processed using systems Microsoft Excel 2010 and Software R, version 3.0.2 (Chi-squared test, Fisher´s exact test, and Wilcoxon test). We determined four hypotheses. H1: Manners of coping with the stressful situations depend on the qualification of the nursing staff reached; not confirmed. H2: Manners of coping with the stressful situations are influenced by the length of practice of the staff; not confirmed. H3: Manners of coping with the stressful situations differ between the hospital staff and hospice staff; confirmed. H4: The nursing staff views their own mental hygiene as more efficient than the support from the management concerning the coping with the stressful situations; confirmed. The research results show that the nursing staff faces the stressful situations very often. They see as the heaviest stress the care of the suffering and aggressive patient, conflicts with the patient´s family, conflicts at work and workload. The manners of coping with the work burden which proved as the best for them are relax, rest and sleep. There were no differences proved in the manners of coping with the stress among respective members of the nursing team. Nevertheless, the coping with the work burden of the nursing staff in the hospital and hospice care is different. A minimum of the respondents notices any support during the stressful situations from the employer. On the other hand, certain support by the management could be viewed in the form of trainings, supervision or contribution to a "recovery" which are granted to the respondents from the employer according to their answers. However, the respondents would prefer, as the support by the management, the increase in pay or more days off. The respondents view as insufficient the preparation of the graduates for the future stressful situations in their profession, as well. They would recommend mainly various trainings dealing with the stress and its management. A good solution to alleviate the work burden of the nursing staff and quality enhancement of the services provided could be investments into better work conditions, both in terms of sufficient human and material resources and the very organization of the work processes.

Realization of farm with a focus on poultry
Hromjak, Milan ; Zita, Lukáš (advisor) ; Kovářová, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis deals with the origin of a family farm. By creating a business plan and issues connected with it, its priority is an organic poultry farm, which will produce poultry meat and eggs. Another service beyond the farm production will be creating conditions for a developing branch, which is agro-tourism and other services related to the operation of the farm, so that it leads to the economic development and profit. The farm will arise by rebuilding of an old house with a large barn and adjacent 10ha of lands inherited from grandparents. There will be built a multi-purpose building called the poultry farm from which the poultry will have access to pasture. The property includes another 1 ha of forest from which the wood will be used as a building material and firewood. The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part especially focuses on explaining the concepts that are important to understand the business plan. Then there is the legislation concerning the organic farming, a tangle of laws, public notices and regulations that must be followed in order to meet the conditions for the organic farming. An integral motivational service of the country and the European Union for farmers and not only for those who are environmentally-managing farmers, is support and grants for the years 2014 - 2020. A very important step not only for the starting farmers is a market analysis in the given branch, as well as a SWOT analysis that will show us the positive and negative aspects of the business. The conclusion of this section deals not only with the concept of agro-tourism, but also with its market position as well and possibilities of its use and further development. In the practical part there is a description of a business plan and individual periods of the project including financing. Finances will flow from own and foreign capital, or the possibility to apply for support through non-refundable grants. The establishment of the farm will have an impact on the labor market, as there will be 5 newly created jobs and the community will fit into the wider public awareness thanks to the activities that the farm will develop for the purpose of product promotion and further development. Furthermore, there are itemized individual items that lead to the final evaluation of the effectiveness of the business plan. By processing the theoretical and practical part of the thesis the requirement of the thesis objective is met - to design a prosperous family farm focused on poultry keeping with a hypothesis if it is currently possible to be competitive while importing poultry meat and eggs from abroad. It can be concluded that the business plan is viable.

Worksafety and healthprotection
Murková, Pavlína ; Světlíková, Daniela (advisor) ; Klára, Klára (referee)
My thesis became Occupational safety and health, the requirements of which are regulated primarily in Act no. 262/2006 Coll., The Labour Code. Information regarding safety and health at work are given but also in numerous other legislation and government regulation. The thesis is processed in such a way as to assist staff to ensure health and safety at work both in the public sphere, but also in local government, and also for professionals and small and medium-sized enterprises. The most important essence of this work is to define the legislation relating to accidents at work, which is summarized in the theoretical part. In conclusion, it gives statistics of occupational injuries by evaluating and proposing possible changes and improvements.

The History of Fruit Trees Growing in the Climatic Conditions of the Czech Republic
Feierová, Martina ; Türkott, Luboš (advisor) ; Hiřmanová, Dita (referee)
This bachelor thesis describes the history of cultivation the most widespread fruit trees on the territory of the Czech republic. Also are here mentioned some of the less frequently grown fruit trees. Contains and describes the oldest historical perionds, the development of fruit growing in terms of different social systems from the recent past to the present. The thesis is focused on the possibility of growing the trees with respect to climate and soil conditions in the Czech rebpulic. Describes the zoning of climatic and soil conditions and regional disparity for growing individual species and varieties of trees, witch are cultivating in our territory. It is also focused on growing the varieties in the present time, decribes the marginally growed varieties of fruit trees or extinct trees. The thesis partly mentions the diseases and pests of fruit trees, which are in our conditions the most frequently occured. In conclusion of the bachelor thesis is mentioned the brief insight into the direction of our fruit cultivation in the future, given the potentional adverse climatic scenarios.

An impact of organic farming on soil quality
Matěchová, Martina ; Jakšík, Ondřej (advisor) ; Janků, Jaroslava (referee)
This work focuses on the system of organic agriculture and its impact on soil quality. It compares organic farming system with conventional. Both these systems are briefly described. There is also a list of soil quality indicators used for the soil quality is evaluation. The results of scientific studies, which dealt with different farming systems and their effects on soil properties, were discussed and evaluated. Quality and fertile soil is crucial for production systems, however to define what means quality soil is very difficult. Therefore the number of quality indicators were established. The indicators can be grouped by their nature of soil properties they assess, such as physical, chemical and biological. Different techniques are adopted for soil quality evaluation. Soil quality is affected by a lot of different factors. Anthropogenic activities are often considered as one of the most influential factor. The loss of soil fertility as well as other physical, chemical or biological deterioration of soil properties is called soil degradation. The results of this study shown that careful tillage in organic farming could have positive effect or no effect on the biological and physical properties of soils. For some experiments there was an increased amount of soil organisms. In the most experiments, application of organic fertilizers caused increase of organic matter and other essential nutrients. We conclude that under certain conditions with respect for the principles of organic farming the soil quality can be preserved or even improved, but in a longer timeframe.

The Impact of Measures and Support Programs for Biodiversity Management in the Krkonoše Mountains.
Hniličková, Dana ; Pecharová, Emilie (advisor) ; Karel, Karel (referee)
Meadows are a significant part of the Giant Mountains´ nature. For the support of the meadows in the Krkonoše Mountains, which are very often degraded (because of long time absence of management), there are available various financial sources. This theses compares different ways of meadows management, programs and arragements which farmers can use. Through interviews with farmers, I tried to get answers to questions regarding the management on specific areas farmers work on. I was interested in theirs perception of biodiversity, influence of the management, satisfaction with subsidies or compensations, and possible suggestions for the future. Landlords percieve farming on their own or rented area as a kind of representation and has no problem to keep the limits to get the subsidy. As a problem most of them percieve administration related to subsidy utilization. Effort of Administration of KRNAP to improve conditions for farming they percieve in positive way. Because farming is necessary for the preservation of mountain meadows as a significant element of the Giant Mountains landscaping and the secondary functions is higher than the production function, it is necessary to widely support an agricultural activities in the region.

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Henc, Petr ; Müller, Miroslav (advisor)
The aim of the thesis entitled "Study of some factors affecting the adhesive bonds durability" is description of factors that affect the mechanical properties (strength and hardness). The theoretical part of the thesis discusses the bonding chemical nature and bonding technology description. Various factors that may lead to degradation of bonded joint are described here too. The experimental part deals with the influence of the environment on adhesive or bonded joint. For a comparison epoxy and methylmetacryle adhesives were tested. All experiments were performed in compliance with standards ČSN EN 1465 and ČSN EN ISO 868. In long-term experiments focused on bonded joint strength change the other authors' hypotheses about the negative effect of atmospheric conditions or fluid contaminant in the liquid water form were confirmed. Experiments were also focused on the processes taking place in the bonded joints after the degradation. The process of drying under the laboratory conditions has the positive effect on the hardness of the adhesive or bonded joint strength. The results are processed by the statistical program and are summarized in the form of tables and graphs.

The analysis of the weather impact on the shape and shift of the production frontier
Hřebíková, Barbora ; Čechura, Lukáš (advisor) ; Peterová, Jarmila (referee)
Although weather is a significant determinant of agriculture production, it is not a common practice in production analysis to investigate on its direct impact on the level of final production. We assume that the problem is methodological, since it is difficult to find a proper proxy variable for weather in these models. Thus, in the common production models, the weather is often included into a set of unmeasured determinants that affects the level of final production and farmers productivity (statistical noise, random error). The aim of this dissertation is to solve this methodological issues and find the way to define weather and its impacts in a form of proxy variable, to include this variable into proper econometric model and to apply the model. The purpose of this dissertation is to get beyond the empirical knowledge and define econometric model that would quantify weather impacts as a part of mutually (un)conditioned factors of final production, to specify the model and apply it. The dissertation is based on the assumption that the method of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) represents a potential opportunity to treat the weather as a specific (though not firm-controllable) factor of production and technical efficiency. SFA is parametric method based on econometric approach. Its starting point is the stochastic frontier production function. The method was presented in the work of Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977) and Meusen and van den Broeck (1977). Unlike commonly used econometric models, SFA is based on analysis of production frontier that is formed by deterministic production frontier function and the compound error term. The compound error term consists of two parts -- random error (statistical noise, error term) and technical inefficiency. Technical inefficiency represents the difference in the actual level of production of the producer, and the maximum attainable (possible) level that would be achieved if the producer used a particular combination of production factors in a maximum technically efficient way. Over time, it has been developed on a number of aspects - see time variant and invariant inefficiency, heteroscedasticity, measurement and unmeasured heterogeneity. Along with the DEA, SFA has become the preferred methodology in the area of production frontier and productivity and efficiency analysis in agriculture. Lately, it has been applied for example by Bakusc, Fertő and Fogarasi (2008) Mathijs and Swinnen (2001), Hockmann and Pieniadz (2007), Bokusheva and Kumbhakar (2008) Hockmann et al. (2007), Čechura a Hockmann (2011, 2012), and Čechura et al. (2014 a, b). We assume that the weather impacts should be analysed with regard to technical efficiency, rather than as a part of statistical noise. Implementation of weather in part of deterministic production function rather than in the statistical noise is a significant change in the methodical approach within the stochastic frontier analysis. Analysis of the weather impacts on the changes in the level of TE has not been greatly recorded in the associated literature and is, therefore, considered as the main contribution of this work for the current theory of production frontier estimation, or the technological effectiveness, in the field of agriculture. Taking into account other variables that are important for the relationship and whose inclusion would enhance the explanatory power of the model was part of the objective of this work.Thus, the possible effect of heterogeneity was taken into account when models were formulated and final results discussed. The paper first defined and discussed possible ways how to incorporate the effects of the weather into production frontier model. Assessing the possibility of inclusion of weather in these models was based on the theoretical framework for the development of stochastic frontier analysis, which defines the concept of technical efficiency, distance functions theory, stochastic production function theory and the methodology and techniques that are applied within the framework of SFA, which were relevant for the purpose of this work. Then, the weather impacts on the shape and shift of production frontier and technical efficiency of czech cereal production in the years 2004-2011 was analyzed. The analysis was based on the assumption that there are two ways how to define variables representing weather in these models. One way is to use specific climatic data, which directly describe the state of the weather. For the purpose of this thesis, the variables mean air temperature (AVTit) and sum of precipitation (SUMPit) in the period between planting and harvest of cereals in the individual regions of Czech republic (NUTS 3) were selected. Variables were calculated from the data on monthly mean air temperatures and monthly sums of precipitation on the regional levels provided by Czech hydro-meteorological institute CHMI. Another way to define weather variable is to use a proxy variable. In this dissertation, the calculation of climatic index (KITit) was applied. Climatic index was calculated as a sum of ratios between the actual yield levels and approximated yield levels of wheat, barley and rye, weighted by the importance of each plant in a cereal production protfolio in each region of the Czech republic. Yield levels were approximated by the linear trend functions, yield and weights were calculated with the use of data on regional production and sown area under individual grains by year at the level of regional production (NUTS 3) provided by Czech Statistical Office. Both ways of weather definition are associated with some advantages and disadvantages. Particular climatic data are very precise specificatopn of the actual weather conditions, however, to capture their impacts on the level of final production, they must be implemented into model correctly along with the number of other factors, which have an impact on the level of final production. Climatic index, on the other hand, relates the weather impacts directly to the yield levels (it has been based on the assumption that the violation from yield trends are caused by the weather impacts), though, it does not accomodate the concrete weather characteristics. The analysis was applied on unbalanced panel data consisting of the information on the individual production of 803 producers specialized on cereal production, which have each the observations from at least two years out of total 8-years time serie. Specialization on crop production was defined as minimum 50% share of cereal production on the total plant production. Final panel consists of 2332 observations in total. The values of AVTit, SUMPit a KITit has been associated with each individual producer according to his local jurisdiction for a particular region. Weather impacts in the three specified forms were implemented into models that were defined as stochastic production frontier models that capture the possible heterogeneity effects. The aim is to identify the impact of weather on shift and shape of production frontier. Through the defined models, the production technology and technical efficiency were estimated. We assume that the proposed inclusion in weather impacts will lead to a better explanatory power of defined models, as a result of weather extraction from a random components of the model, or from a set of unmeasured factors causing heterogeneity of the sample, respectivelly. Two types of models were applied to estimate TE - Fixed management model (FMM) and Random parameter model (RPM). Models were defined as translogarithmic multiple-output distance function. The analyzed endogene variable is cereal production (expressed in thousands of EUR). Other two outputs, other plant production and animal production (both expressed in thousands of EUR) are expressed as the share on cereal production and they appear on the right side of the equation together with the exogene variables representing production factors labour (in AWU), total utilized land (in acres), capital (sum of contract work, especially machinery work, and depreciation, expressed in thousands of EUR), specific material (represented by the costs of seeds, plants, fertilisers and crop protection, expressed in thousands of EUR), and other material (in thousands of EUR). The values of all three outputs, capital, and material inputs were deflated by the the country price indexes taken from the EUROSTAT database (2005=100). In Random parameter model, heterogeneity is captured in random parameters and in the determinants of distribution of the technical inefficiency, uit. All production factors were defined as a random parameters and weather in form of KITit enters the mean of uit and so it represents the possible source of unmeasured heterogeneity of a sample. In fixed management model, heterogeneity is defined as a special factor representing firm specific effects, mi. This factor represents unmeasured sources of heterogeneity of sample and enters the model in interaction with other production factors and the with the trend variable, tit.Trend variable represents the impact of technological change at a time t for each producer i. The weather impacts in form of variables AVTit a SUMPit is, together with production factors, excluded from the set of firm specific effects and it is also numerically expressed. That way weather becomes a measured source of heterogeneity of a sample. Both types of models were estimated also without the weather impacts specification in order to obtain the benchmark against which the effects of weather impacts specification on production frontier and technical efficiency is evaluated. Easier interpretation of results was achieved by naming all five estimated models as follows: FMM is a name of fixed management model that does not include specified weather variables, AVT is a name for fixed management model including weather impacts in form of average temperatures AVTit, SUMP is name of model which includes weather impacts in form of sum of precipitations SUMPit, RPM is random parameter model that does not account for weather impacts, KIT is random parameter model that includes climatic index KITit into the mean of inefficiency. All estimated models fullfilled the conditions of monotonicity and kvasikonvexity for each production factor with the exception of capital in FMM, AVT, SUMP and RPM model. Violating the kvasikonvexity condition is against the theoretical assumptions the models are based on, however, since capital is also insignificant, it is not necesary to regard model as incorrect specification. Violation of kvasikonvexity condition can be caused by the presence of other factor, which might have contraproductive influence on final production in relation to capital. For example, Cechura and Hockann (2014) mention imperfections of capital market as possible cause of inadequate use of this production factor with respect to technological change. Insufficient significancy of capital can be the result of incorrect specification of variable itself, as capital is defined as investment depreciation and sum of contract work in the whole production process and not only capital related to crop production. The importance of capital in relation to crop production is, thus, not strong enough to be significant. Except of capital are all other production factors significant on the significancy level of 0,01. All estimated models exhibit a common pattern as far as production elasticity is concerned. The highest elasticity is attributed to production factors specific and othe material. Production elasticity of specific material reaches values of 0,29-0,38, the highest in model KIT and lowest of the values in model AVT. Production elasticity of other material reahed even higher values in the range 0,40-0,47. Highest elasticity of othe material was estimated by model AVT and lowest by model KIT. Lowest production elasticity are attributed to production factors labour and land. Labour reached elasticity between 0,006 and 0,129 and land reached production elasticity in the range of 0,114 a 0,129. All estimated models displayed simmilar results regarding production elasticities of production factors, which also correspond with theoretical presumptions about production elasticities -- highest values of elasticity of material inputs correspond with naturally high flexibility of these production factors, while lowest values of elasticity of land corresponds with theoretical aspect of land as relativelly inelastic production factor. Low production elasticity of labour was explained as a result of lower labor intensity of cereals sector compared to other sectors. Production elasticity of weather is significant both in form of average temperatures between planting and harvest in a given region, AVTit, and form of total precipitation between planting and harvest in a given region, SUMPit. Production elasticity of AVTit, reach rather high value of 0,3691, which is in the same level as production elasticities of material inputs. Production elasticity of SUMPit is also significant and reach rather high lower value of 0,1489. Both parameters shows significant impact of weather on the level of final crop production. Sum of production elasticities in all models reach the values around 1, indicating constant returns of scale, RS (RSRPM=1,0064, RSKIT=0,9738, RSSUMP =1,00002, RSFMM= 0,9992, RSAVT=1,0018.). The results correspond with the conclusion of Cechura (2009) and Cechura and Hockmann (2014) about the constant returns of scale in cereals sector in Czech republic. Since the value of RS is calculated only with the use of production elasticities of production factors, almost identical result provided by all three specifications of fixed management model is a proof of correct model specification. Further, the significance of technological change and its impact on final production and production elasticities were reviewed. Technological change, TCH, represents changes in production technology over time through reported period. It is commonly assumed that there is improvement on production technology over time. All estimated models prooved significant impact of TCH on the level of final production. All specified fixed management models indicate positive impaact of TCH, which accelerates over time. Estimated random parameter models gave contradicting results -- model KIT implies that TCH is negative and decelerating in time, while model RPM indicates positive impact of TCH on the level of final production, which is also decelerating in time. It was concluded, that in case that weather is not included into model, it can have a direct impact on the positive direction of TCH effect, which can be captured by implementing weather into model and so the TCH becomes negative. However, as to be discussed later, random parameter model appeared not as a suitable specification for analyzed relationship and so the estimate of the TCH impact might have been distorted. The impact of technological progress on the production elasticities (so-called biased technological change) is in fixed management models displayed by parameters representing the interaction of production factors with trend variable. The hypothesis of time invariant parameters (Hicks neutral technological change) associated with the production factors is rejected for all models except the model AVT. Significant baised technological change is confirmed for models FMM and SUMP. Biased technological change is other material-saving and specific material-intensive. In the AVT model, where weather is represented by average temperatures, AVTit, technological change is not significant in relation to any production factors. In both random parameter models, rejection of hypothesis of time invariant parameters only confirms significance of technological change in relation to final crop production. Nonsignificant effect of technological change on production elasticity of labor, land and capital indicates a generally low ability of farmers to respond to technological developments, which can be explained by two reasons. The first reason can the possible complications in adaptation to the conditions of the EU common agricultural market (eg. there are not created adequate conditions in the domestic market, which would make it easier for farmers to integrate into the EU). This assumption is based on conclusion made by Cechura and Hockmann (2014), where they explain the fact that in number of European countries there is capital-saving technological change instead of expected capital-using technical change as the effect of serious adjustment problems, including problems in the capital market.. Second possible reason for nonsignificant effect of technological change on production elasticity of labor, land and capital is that the financial support of agricultural sector, which was supposed to create sufficient conditions for accomodation of technological progress, has not shown yet. Then, the biased TCH is not pronounced in relation to most production factors. Weather impacts (SUMPit, AVTit) are not in significant relation to technological change. Both types of models, FMM and RPM were discussed in relation to the presence of the heterogeneity effects All estimated random parameters in both RPM models are statistically significant with the exception of the production factor capital in a model that does not involve the influence of weather (model RPM). Estimated parameter for variable KITit (0,0221) shows significant positive impact of the weather on the distribution of TE. That way, heterogeneity in relation to TE is confirmed, too, as well as significant impact of weather on the level of TE. Management (production environment) is significant in all three estimated fixed management models. In models that include weather impacts (AVT, SUMP), the parameter estimates indicates positive, slightly decreasing effect of management (or heterogeneity, respectivelly) on the level of final crop production. In model FMM, on the contrary, first and second order parameters of mangement indicate also significant, but negative and decelerating effect of management (heterogeneity) on final crop production. If weather impact is included into models in form of AVTit, or. SUMPit, the direction of the influence of management on the level of final crop production changes. Based on the significance of first order parameter of management, significant presence of heterogeneity of analyzed sample is confirmed in all three estimated fixed management models. As far as the effect of heterogeneity on single production factors (so called management bias) is concerned, the results indicate that in case of model that does not include weather impacts (model FMM) the heterogeneity has positive impact on production elasticities of land and capital and negative effect on the production elasticities of material inputs. In models that account for weather impacts, heterogeneity has negative effect on production elasticities of land and capital and positive effect on the elasticity of material inputs. Heterogeneity effect on the production elasticity of labor is insignificant in all models FMM. In all three estimated models, the effect of heterogeneity is strongest in case of production factors specific and othe material, and, also, on production factor land. In case of FMM model, heterogeneity leads to increase of production elasticity of land, while in AVT and SUMP heterogeneity leads to decrease of production elasticity of land. At the same time, the production elasticity of land, as discussed earlier, is rather low in all three models. This fact leads to a conclusion that in models that accomodate weather impacts (AVT and SUMP), as the effect of extraction of weather from the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity, the heterogeneity has a negative impact on production elasticity of land. It can be stated that the inclusion of weather effects into the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity overestimated the positive effect of unmeasured heterogeneity on the production factor land in the model FMM. Management does not have a significant effect on the weather in form of SUMPit, while it has significant and negative effect on the weather in form of average temperature, AVTit, with the value of -0.0622**. In other words, heterogeneity is in negative interaction with weather represented by average temperatures, while weather in form of the sum of precipitation (SUMPit) does not exhibit significant relation to unmeasured heteregeneity. In comparison with the model that does not include weather impacts, the effect of heterogeneity on the production elasticities has the opposite direction the models that include weather. Compare to the model where weather is represented by average temperature (model AVT), the effect of management (heterogeneity) on the production elasticity of capital is bigger in model with weather represented by sum of precipitations (model SUMP) while the effect of management (heterogeneity) on the production elasticity of land and material imputs is smaller in model with weather represented by sum of precipitations (model SUMP). Technical efficiency is significant in all estimated models. The variability of inefficiency effects is bigger than the variabilty of random error in both models that include weather and models where weather impacts are not specified. The average of TE in random parametr models reaches rather low value (setting the average TE = 54%), which indicates, that specified RPM models underestimate TE as a possible result of incorrect variable specification, or, incorrect assumptions on the distribution of the error term representing inefficiency. All estimated FMM models results in simmilar value of average TE (86-87%) with the simmilar variability of TE (cca 0,5%). Technological change has significant and positive effect on the level of TE in the model that does not specify the weather impacts (model FMM), with a value of 0,0140***, while in the models that include weather in form of average temperatures, or sum of precipitations, respectivelly, technological change has a negative effect on the level of TE (in model AVT = -0.0135***; in SUMP = -0.0114***). It can be stated, that in the model where the weather impacts were not specified, the effect of TCH on the level of TE may be distorted, because the parameter estimate implies also a systematic influence weather in the analyzed period. The effect of unmeasured heterogeneity on the level of TE is significant in all three estimated fixed management models. In models AVT and SUMP, heterogeneity has a positive effect on the level of TE (in AVT = 0.1413 and in SUMP =0,1389), while in the model that does not include weather variable the effect of heterogeneity on the level of TE is negative (in FMM =-0,1378). In models AVT and SUMP, the weather impacts were extracted from the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity, and so from its influence on the level of TE (together with other production factors weather becomes a source of measured heterogeneity). The extraction of the weather from the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity leads to change in the direction of heterogeneity effects on the level of TE from negative (in model where weather was part of unmeasured heterogeneity) to positive. The direct impact of weather on TE is only significant in case of variable AVTit, indicating that average temperatures reduce the level of TE (-0.0622**). Weather in form of sum of precipitations does not have a significant impact on the level of TE. It is evident that incorporating the effects of weather significantly changes the direction of the influence of management on the production of cereals and the direction of influence on the management of production elasticity of each factor in the final model. Analogically with the case of the influence of heterogeneity on the production elasticity of land, it is stated that the weather (included in sources of unmeasured heterogeneity) played a role in the underestimation of the impact of heterogeneity on the overall cereal production. Also, in case that weather was not extracted form the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity would play significant role in underestimation of the effect of heterogeneity on the level of TE. Based on the results of parameters estimates, and on the estimate of average values of TE and its variability, it is concluded, that the effect of inclusion of weather into defined models does not have significant direct impact on the average value of TE, however, its impact on the level of TE and the level of final crop production is pronounced via effects of unmeasured heterogeneity, from which the weather was extracted by its specification in form of AVTit a SUMPit. The analysis results confirms that it is possible to specify the impacts of weather on the shape and shift of production frontier, and, this to define this impact in a model. Results Aaso indicate that the weather reduces the level of TE and is an important source of inefficiency Czech producers of cereals (crop). The model of stochastic frontier produkction function that capture the weather impact was designed, thereby the goal of the dissertation was met. Results also show that unmeasured heterogeneity is an important feature of czech agriculture and that the identification of its sources is critical for achieving higher productivity and higher level of final output. The assumption about significant presence of heterogeneity in production technology among producers was confirmed, and heterogeneity among producers is a significant feature of cereal sector. By extracting weather from sources of unmeasured heterogeneity, the impact of real unmeasured heterogeneity (all that was not extracted from its sources) and the real impact of weather on the level of TE is revealed. If weather was not specified in a model, the TE would be overestimated. Model in form of translogarithmic multiple-output distance function well approximates the relationship between weather, technical efficiency, and final cereal production. Analysis also revealed, that the Random parameter model, which was applied in case that weather impacts were expressed as an index number, is not the suitable model specification due to underestimating of the average level of TE. The problem of underestimation of TE might be caused by wrong variable definition or incorrect assumptions about the distribution of inefficiency term. Fixed management model, on the other hand, appears as a very good tool for identification of weather impacts (in form of average temperatures and sum of precipitations in the period between planting and harvesting) on the level of TE and on the shape and shift of production frontier of czech cereals producers. The results confirm the assumption that it is important to specify weather impacts in models analyzing the level of TE of the plant production. By specification of weather impactzs in form of proper variables (AVTit, SUMPit), the weather was extracted from the sources of unmeasured heterogeneity. This methodical step will help to refine the estimate of production technology and sources of inefficiencies (or, the real inefficiency, respectivelly). That way, the explanatory power of model increase, which leads to generally more accurate estimate of TE. Dissertation has fulfilled its purpose and has brought important insights into the impact of weather on the TE, about the relationship between weather and intercompany unmeasured heterogeneity, about the effect of weather on the impact of technological change, and so the overall impact of weather specification on the shape and shift of production frontier. A model that is suitable application to define these relationships was designed. Placing the weather into deterministic part of production frontier function instead of statistical noise (or, random error, respectivelly) means a remarkable change in the methodical approach within the stochastic frontier analysis, and, due to the fact that the analysis of weather impacts on the level of TE to this extent has not yet been observed in relevant literature, the dissertation can be considered a substantial contribution to current theory of the estimate of technical efficiency of agriculture. The dissertation arose within the framework of solution of the 7th FP EU project COMPETE no 312029.