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AI-based technology: Legal aspects of data protection and privacy
Hendrychová, Lucie ; Svobodová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Exner, Jan (referee)
Technology Based on Artifical Intelligence: Legal Aspects of Data and Privacy Protection Abstract The thesis focuses on technologies based on the principles of artificial intelligence and their regulation in the field of the European Union with an emphasis on the data protection. It is divided into three parts. Firstly, the focus is on the term artificial intelligence itself, the definition of which is not simple, but quite indispensable for legal regulation. The second part of the thesis deals with the European Union legislation relevant to artificial intelligence, leaving aside neither soft law, which has an indispensable role in the field of artificial intelligence, nor legislation that is still in the legislative process. This section already demonstrates the legislative shortcomings, which can be divided into two groups. The first group of shortcomings is characterised by incomprehensibility of definitions or excessive vagueness of formulations, which cause interpretative difficulties even in essential facts, which undoubtedly include the scope of the regulation. A common feature of the second group of legislative shortcomings is the lack of reflection on the specifics of artificial intelligence, which can, in the most extreme case, lead to an absurd situation where the obligation laid down by the...
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Structural studies of an abasic site DNA damage repair and DNA interstrand cross-link formation
Landová, Barbora
DNA damage refers to any alteration or modification in the DNA structure that deviates from its natural state. Abasic site (Ap site) is one of the most common DNA lesions resulting from spontaneous depurination/depyrimidination or enzymatic base excision. When left unrepaired it can lead to a cascade of genetic mutations, potentially causing diseases like cancer. Understanding DNA repair mechanisms is vital for medical research and applications. Bacterial MutM is a DNA repair glycosylase, removing DNA damage generated by oxidative stress and preventing mutations and genomic instability. MutM belongs to the Fpg/Nei family of procaryotic enzymes, sharing structural and functional similarities with their eukaryotic counterparts, such as NEIL1-NEIL3. Here, I present two crystal structures of MutM from pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis: MutM holoenzyme and MutM bound to DNA. The free enzyme exists in an open conformation, while upon binding to DNA, both the enzyme and DNA undergo substantial structural changes and domain rearrangement. One of the DNA lesion repaired by MutM is the Ap site, which, if not repaired, may spontaneously lead to the formation of an abasic site interstrand crosslink (Ap-ICL) with an adjacent adenine in the opposite strand. NEIL3 glycosylase is known to remove Ap-ICL. With a...
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Monitoring fiber and protein intake in obese clients of a nutrition counseling center
Kekrtová, Magdaléna ; Pejšová, Hana (advisor) ; Weidenthalerová, Edita (referee)
The obesity epidemic is still a very topical problem and requires a comprehensive therapy that includes nutritional counselling. In my practical experience, the topic of protein and fibre tends to be very common with obese clients and I often observe less than appropriate choices in terms of protein sources. Fibre is not given much importance and therefore its adequate intake is not optimal. Therefore, the theoretical part aimed to summarize the current knowledge about obesity, protein and fibre. However, nutrition in obesity is summarised in a comprehensive way, taking into account other nutrients, but also micronutrients or drinking, which may also be significantly related to obesity. The theoretical summary of obesity was summarized rather marginally. In terms of treatment approaches, diet therapy, physical activity or psychotherapy are more approached. The importance of the nutritional therapist is not neglected. The practical part was quite comprehensive. The aim of the study was to assess dietary habits (qualitatively and quantitatively, focusing mainly on protein and fibre), body composition before and after the nutritional intervention and thus to evaluate the effect of the therapy. It was also intended to provide information on the original dietary habits of obese individuals in terms of...
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Interim measures in industrial rights matters
Marešová, Markéta ; Sedláček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Střeleček, Tomáš (referee)
Interim measures in industrial rights matters Abstract The topic of this rigorous thesis is interim measures in industrial rights matters. Interim measures represents a procedural institution which contributes to the effective enforcement of industrial rights. The rigorous thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the legal regulation of interim measures, its assessment, in particular with regard to its constitutional conformity, and the identification of problems in application practice, focusing on the specific area of industrial property. The thesis is divided into six systematically organized parts. The first part brings a historical excursion back to the 18th century, where the origins of today's interim measures can be found, leading up to the significant amendments that have been made up to the present day, and the possible future of the code of civil procedure is also mentioned. The second part of the thesis already deals with the current legal regulation of interim measures, where the concept, essence and purpose of interim measures are defined in particular. In the third part of the thesis, the legal regulation in the field of enforcement of industrial rights is presented, individual industrial rights are defined and their relationship with unfair competition is also outlined, because in...
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China's Sharp Power: How China Seeks to Influence and Coerce its Neighbours
Štěpař, Roman ; Karlas, Jan (advisor) ; Kučerová, Irah (referee)
Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd / Smetanovo nábřeží 6, 110 01 Praha 1 info@fsv.cuni.cz, tel: 222 112 111 www.fsv.cuni.cz Vyslovení neplatnosti součásti státní zkoušky "obhajoba diplomové práce", na základě stanoviska přezkumné komise, že obhájená práce není původní a jde o plagiát. Po provedených řízeních vydala rektorka Univerzity Karlovy rozhodnutí č. j. UKRUK/300367/2023-11, že součást státní zkoušky, obhajoba diplomové práce s názvem "China's Sharp Power: How China Seeks to Influence and Coerce its Neighbours" konaná dne 22. 6. 2020, je neplatná. Dnem, kdy rozhodnutí nabylo účinnosti, pozbyl účastník řízení vysokoškolského vzdělání získaného studiem daného studijního oboru a akademického titulu magistr. Dále pozbyly platnosti vysokoškolský diplom a dodatek k diplomu. Declaration of the invalidity of the section of the state examination "thesis defence" based on the review committee's opinion that the defended work is not original and constitutes plagiarism. Following the proceedings, the Rector of Charles University issued a decision, ref. no. UKRUK/300367/2023-11, stating that a section of the state examination, defence of the thesis entitled "China's Sharp Power: How China Seeks to Influence and Coerce its Neighbours" held on 22 June 2020, is invalid. On the day the decision became...
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Unravelling molecular mechanisms of the abasic crosslink DNA repair
Hušková, Andrea ; Šilhán, Jan (advisor) ; Bařinka, Cyril (referee) ; Pavlíček, Jiří (referee)
4 Abstract DNA as the primary carrier of genetic information guarantees organisms to live, grow, develop and reproduce. However, this most vital molecule in the cell is subject to various damages every moment. If it is not repaired, the cell and the organism will eventually succumb to inevitable destruction. One of the most serious damages is abasic site interstrand crosslink (Ap-ICL). Ap-ICL is formed spontaneously when an abasic site covalently pairs with an adenine on the opposite strand. The lack of information on repair mechanisms, the influence of the local sequence and its stability leads to questions about the fate, toxicity and occurrence of these lesions in cells. During evolution, several mechanisms have evolved to repair these and other damages to ensure the organism's survival. A recently discovered pathway known to repair Ap-ICL is named after the DNA glycosylase responsible for removing Ap-ICL. NEIL3 DNA glycosylase is recruited to Ap-ICL by ubiquitylation of DNA helicase, which is part of the DNA replication complex. NEIL3 glycosylase contains several zinc-finger domains, that bind to the damaged DNA and ensure its catalytic function. The molecular mechanism of the NEIL3 glycosylase repair process is currently not known. In order to answer the aforementioned unknowns, the rate of formation,...
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Legal status of parents in adoption
Vampolová, Gabriela ; Frinta, Ondřej (advisor) ; Lederer, Vít (referee)
Legal status of parents in adoption Abstract The goal of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the Czech legal regulation of the position of the parent during an adoption. According to Act No. 89/2012 Coll., of the the Civil Code, essence of the adoption is primarily a status change in the legal status of the parent and child, which consists in the termination of family relationships, including obligations and rights to the adoptee's original family. The consequence of adoption is the termination of the relationship between parent and child, which is considered for the basic status relationship of family law. However, the termination of family relations will not occur in the case of adoption of an adult, which is not similar to the adoption of a underage. The first part of the thesis is briefly devoted to the concept of family, it reflects on its importance and a possible definition of this concept. The second part deals with parenthood in the legal sense, the purpose of this part is to determine to who can be considered as a parent in accordance with Czech legislation, to whom the parental duties and rights testify, and mainly who create the basic status relationship of parent and child. Within this part, the legal regulation of maternity and paternity is discussed separately. Regarding the legal...
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The role of drug transporters in activation of pregnane X receptor
Kejvalová, Kateřina ; Smutná, Lucie (advisor) ; Pourová, Jana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Kateřina Kejvalová Supervisor: PharmDr. Lucie Smutná, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: The role of drug transporters in activation of pregnane X receptor The nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) is involved in maintaining the homeostasis of endogenous substances as well as in regulation of excretion of exogenous substances. PXR activation regulates the expression of transport and biotransformation enzymes I. and II. phase. Due to the high flexibility of PXR ligand binding domain, it can be activated by a wide range of xenobiotics. Including e.g., rifampicin, well-known PXR agonist causes clinically significant drug-drug interactions. However, rifampicin is not stable under physiological conditions and degradation occurs (into rifampicin quinone, 25-desacetylrifampicin, 3-formylrifamycin SV and rifampicin N-oxide). The aim of our experiments was to compare the interspecies activation of PXR (human, monkey, mouse and rat) by rifampicin and its derivatives. Hence, gene reporter experiments were performed using the HepG2 cell line. Statistically significant results in PXR activation were observed for human hPXR and monkey oPXR for all rifampicin derivatives except 25- desacetylrifampicin. Similarity...
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Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Pregnant Women in the Czech Republic
Venclů, Viktorie ; Pařízek, Antonín (advisor) ; Richtárová, Adéla (referee)
This bachelor thesis examines the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the mental health of pregnant women in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part includes the fundamental information essential for understanding the context of the topic. It focuses on the disease itself, the emergence and development of its pandemic in the Czech Republic, and its course in pregnant women. Additionally, it delves into the psychology of pregnant women and into mental health in general. The thesis also summarizes the results of some Czech studies investigating the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of the Czech population. The research section investigates the influence of the pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women through regression analysis. The numbers of births among women who required a certain form of psychiatric intervention during pregnancy, or within six months after childbirth are examined. The analysed dataset was obtained from the national registers NRRZ and NRHZS and includes records from January 2015 to December 2021. A regression log- log model was created for analysis, which did not show a statistically significant impact of the pandemic on the number of births for these women. Possible reasons for the different results between this research and mentioned studies are discussed...
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Nutrition and sport in women with gestational diabetes
Hodek, Lesana ; Starnovská, Tamara (advisor) ; Koudelková, Kateřina (referee)
This bachelor's thesis discusses the issue of gestational diabetes and the influence of the diagnosis on nutrition and exercise/sport in diagnosed women. The theoretical part discusses the pathogenesis of GDM, risk factors and recommended procedures for screening and treatment including nutritional and exercise recommendations. The results of the questionnaire survey are described in the practical part. The questionnaire focused on the complications that women with GDM go through in connection with lifestyle changes after receiving a GDM diagnosis. Part of the survey is a standardized questionnaire to determine the level of perceived stress. The main goal of the work was to define the factors in nutrition and exercise/sport that cause complications in the management of GDM for women after the diagnosis of GDM. A secondary aim of the work was to demonstrate that women with a diagnosis of GDM experience an increased stress burden based on a standardized questionnaire. These objectives are to reveal whether the standard care for women with GDM is sufficient, or whether they lack professional help in managing lifestyle changes. The results of the work showed that the current system of care for women with GDM is not sufficient and these women are dependent on seeking support and help outside the health...
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