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Chronic constipation in the elderly as a nursing problem
BRÁVKOVÁ, Sabina
The aim of the bachelor's thesis titled "Chronic Constipation in the Elderly as a Nursing Problem" was to explore the methods chosen by patients with chronic constipation for bowel evacuation and where they seek information regarding prevention and treatment of chronic constipation. Additionally, the study investigated who educates patients in this regard. The research objectives were achieved through formulated research questions and semi-structured interviews. In the theoretical part of the bachelor's thesis, we focused on describing constipation, its classification, causes, risk factors, and common symptoms. I also discussed proper diagnosis of chronic constipation and the selection of suitable therapies, which can be either non-pharmacological or pharmacological. Currently, alternative approaches for treating and preventing chronic constipation are well-known. The final section of the thesis is dedicated to geriatrics and gerontology. The practical part of the bachelor's thesis involved qualitative research investigations and interviews with nine clients. The interviews were transcribed, and data has been categorised. The research investigation provided information into methods for preventing and treating chronic constipation. Notably, there were contributions in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Clients often employ their own alternative methods to aid with bowel evacuation. The research concludes that clients lack sufficient information, and they struggle to find reliable sources. Furthermore, there is a shortage of healthcare professionals who can adequately educate them. Based on the results of the bachelor thesis, a leaflet for patients suffering from chronic constipation was created.
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Fiber intake in developed countries and possibilities for its increase in population
Ježková, Kristýna ; Pejšová, Hana (advisor) ; Křížová, Jarmila (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with fiber intake and possibilities of its increase. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the actual intake of fiber in the population and to find out whether people actually know what fiber is and what should be its daily intake. The theoretical part is focused on fiber itself. It describes its characteristics, distribution, properties and sources. The effect of fiber on human health and the consequences of insufficient or excessive fiber intake are discussed as well. The practical part is focused on the real intake of fiber in the population. It is done in the form of a questionnaire survey, in which I try to find out what knowledge of fiber people have, but also how often they consume foods containing fiber. Most of the questionnaires were handed out to customers of one unnamed pharmacy and healthy nutrition center in Prague and other passers-by. Altogether, I managed to collect 84 questionnaires. The questionnaire results show that vast majority of respondents have an idea of what fiber is and which foods contain it most; however, they do not know what the recommended daily intake is. Still, half of the respondents think their diet includes enough fiber. The fiber intake in men and women was not much different. The most significant difference was in the...
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Obstetric interventions and pelvic floor disorders
Rušavý, Zdeněk ; Kališ, Vladimír (advisor) ; Roztočil, Aleš (referee) ; Mašata, Jaromír (referee)
Obstetric interventions and pelvic floor disorders - Abstract One of the principal objectives of obstetric interventions in the second stage of labor is prevention of pelvic floor trauma and associated pelvic floor disorders. The most commonly used and also most frequently discussed interventions are manual perineal protection and episiotomy. The majority of pelvic floor disorders are of subjective nature. Therefore, tools for objectification and severity quantification of these disorders are the key to reliable comparison and identification of the most effective interventions. The aim of the dissertation was to find the most effective modification of manual perineal protection, to compare two frequently used types of episiotomy regarding all pelvic floor disorders and finally to find a consensus on the most suitable instrument for anal incontinence severity assessment. Our studies concerning manual perineal protection experimentally described the direction and extent of perineal deformation during vaginal delivery. The subsequent studies on biomechanical model demonstrated that the most effective method of manual perineal protection in peak perineal strain reduction is when the fingers are placed on the perineum 6 cm laterally and 2 cm ventrally from the posterior commissure at both sides and are...
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Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed
KŘÍŽKOVÁ, Ivana
The theme of the bachelor thesis is Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed. Dietary fiber is defined as a carbohydrate food ingredient that cannot be transformed by one´s own enzymes. Fiber was originally considered a ballast food component. Gradually, it was found that it is a part of food fermented by colonic bacteria. Fiber is substrate for these bacteria and they transform it into substances intended for human organism. Fiber can be divided into soluble and insoluble. Both types are essential for human nutrition. A recommended fiber intake for an adult is 30 g per day. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis, was used qualitative research method. The research sample consisted of hospital two-weeks menus. One diet was applied in the hospital facility in the Central Bohemian region and one in the South Bohemian region. Using a computer program "Nutriservis Professional" I calculated the fiber content in the individual meals. The findings were compared with the recommended daily intake published in the book called Referenční hodnoty pro příjem živin and S výživou po celý rok. I also calculated energy value, amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates of the menus. The results were compared with the recommended values. As a research I interviewed the nutritional therapists in the hospital facilities about the patient´s diet and possible solutions to health problems caused by a lack of fiber. The interviews consisted of eight open questions focused on the fiber consumption, denying of foods containing fiber. The results of calculation previewed the menu at the first hospital facility that fiber deficiency occurs primarily in a liquid diet, while for rational diet, diabetic diet and for infants and older children the fiber content is sufficient. The menu of the other hospital contains insufficient amount of fiber, especially for diabetic diet or geriatic diet reducing fat. On the other hand, diabetic diet contains a plenty of fiber. The interviews that were supposed to find out how nutritional therapists approch the fiber issues in diets brought similar responses. The hospital in the Central Bohemian region include into the diet especially fruit, vegetable, whole grain products and legumes. Older patients ages constipation suffering from bowel obstuction, intestinal disease and flatulence frequently refuse fiber, especially legumes. If a patient has health problems caused be the lack of fiber nutritional therapists usually solve this problem by education and inclusion of fruit, vegetable and whole meal bread into the patient's diet. The hospital in the South Bohemian region frequently include into the diet potatoes, rice, fruit, legumes, vegetable and whole grain breads. Fiber is often rejected by older people and people suffering from diarrheal diseases. Health problems resulting from the lack of fiber are often solved by recommending by foods containing fiber or the nutritional supplements such as NutriFibre.
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Chronic constipation as a bio-psycho-social problem of comprehensive rehabilitation of the elderly
ROŽĎALOVSKÁ, Petra
Biological changes related to seniority are in general manifested with slowdown of physiological functions, notable the slowdown of intestinal peristalsis. Problems with excretion often occur and they may end up as a constipation, which can become repeated, long-term and becomes chronic. Excretion belongs to basic human needs and it creates a feeling of satisfation. If it is disrupted, it affects the senior also psychosocially.In the theoretical part of my bachelor thesis I focus on the target group the elderly and related fields, gerontology and geriatrics, periods of human life aging and seniority and last but not least also the term of comprehensive rehabilitation and its seriousness. I state definitions of constipation, its partition, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. As a result of life and health changes also changes the quality of life of seniors. The practical part of my thesis was focused on two goals. Goal 1 charted respondents incidence of chronic constipation, goal 2 assessed the respondents extent to which chronic constipation affects the quality of life of seniors. Research indicates that practical knowledge is associated with the theory. By appropriate prevention, we should strive to reduce frequency of congestion in the elderly and thereby eliminate the deterioration of their quality of life.
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Intestinal disorder of bees
BRABENEC, Jiří
The aim of this thesis was to describe the most common intestinal disease of bees. Constipation, dysentery and nosematóza belong among them. This diseases are caused by Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. In recent years, Nosema apis is suppressed by Nosema ceranae. The difference between these types is recognizable only under a microscope. Symptom appear after outbreak of desease and it is very dangerous. In Czech Republic there is not allow any direct therapeutic medicine. Therefore, we should emphasize the importance of prevention and thorough disinfection of beekeeping equipment.
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Obstipacion as a problem in nursing
PETRŮ, Štěpánka
Obstipation as a problem in nursing. A growing portion of today{\crq}s population suffers from obstipation. Longer life expectancy and today{\crq}s lifestyle are seen as the most frequent reasons for it. Obstipation is a complaint nurses encounter in all kinds of health care institutions. Providing suitable nursing care may help the patient with defecation. The first part of the thesis is theoretical. It provides the definition of the disorder, its causes and proper nursing method, which is listed in chronological order according to the nursing procedure. The next part deals with a survey, which was carried out in hospitals in Pelhřimov, Jindřichův Hradec and Počátky at departments where higher incidence of obstipation is anticipated. The survey was anonymous, and the data were collected from 128 nurses in a quantitative research using the method of questionnaire. In order to remain objective, structured interviews containing the same questions were made with 11 inpatients hospitalized at the departments included in the survey. The thesis followed three goals. First, to find out whether nurses make an inquiry about obstipation that is to be included in the patient{\crq}s history. Second, to map out nursing care in patients with obstipation at departments with beds. Third, to identify current options nurses can choose from while dealing with obstipation as a problem in nursing. Based on the goals, three hypotheses were determined. First, nurses are concerned about the frequency of patient{\crq}s defecation at their homes while collecting details for patient{\crq}s history. Second, nurses do not keep the patients hydrated enough. Third, nurses secure intimate place for defecation when requested by the patient. Nurses themselves confirmed the first and third hypotheses and refused the second one. The patients` answers did not always match with nurses` responds. In conclusion, both surveys proved that nurses have theoretical knowledge related to looking after a person suffering from obstipation but they are not always ready to implement such knowledge. The thesis provides an overview of the current nursing care in patients with obstipation and is set to help implement a better and more effective usage of nursing methods in practice.
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Constipation - problem of immobile patients
HULIČKOVÁ, Tereza
My thesis deals with constipation in immobile patients. The research was carried out by collecting data using the questionnaire method. The questionnaires were focused on immobile patients of all ages hospitalized in any units in the České Budějovice hospital, Inc. The objective of this thesis was to survey the drinking regimen and eating habits in immobile patients and to analyze their impact on the development of constipation. I set three hypotheses: The first hypothesis suggests that immobile patients´ alimentation does not include an increased requirement for dietary fiber. My research shows that patients´ diet at home contains more fruits, vegetables and whole meal bread. A diet therapist hardly ever comes to see hospitalized immobile patients. Most patients are not on any diet which would limit the intake of particular nutrients. The first hypothesis was confirmed. The second hypothesis suggests that immobile patients do not observe the drinking regimen. The research data analysis shows that patients´ fluid intake is the same no matter if they stay in hospital or at home {--} it is about 1- 2 litres a day. The fluid intake depends on patients´ age, weight and health condition. It is possible to say that immobile patients observe the drinking regimen. The second hypothesis was not confirmed. The third hypothesis suggests that immobile patients do not have enough privacy while they pass stool. They feel ashamed and these feelings also raise the constipation development. There is a lot to improve in this respect, the nursing staff should be aware of the fact that immobile patients need more intimacy at passing bowel motion. It is not surprising that most immobile patients feel the lack of privacy in hospital. In my opinion not enough attention is paid to the question of privacy in hospitals. This has a negative impact on patients´comfort. Patients´ diet should include more dietary fiber. Individual consultations with a diet therapist are advisable for patients. The nursing staff should also focus on the patients´ drinking regimen. The right diet and drinking regimen may contribute to constipation prevention. The empathetic, holistic, psychological and sensitive approach to patients should improve patients´ condition and alleviate their pain. Each nurse should make her best to prevent patients from feeling undignified in hospital.
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