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Endogenous retroviral elements and their functions in the human genome
Famfulíková, Mirka ; Pačes, Jan (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
In addition to the coding sequences, the human genome contains a so noncoding DNA, among which we count transposable elements capable of transposition in the genome. The remnants of the past retrovirus infections - endogenous retroviruses (human endogenous retroviruses - HERVs) belong to the transposable elements, which contain the LTR sequences. Human endogenous retroviruses make up to 8% of the size of the human genome. The retroviruses are not only passive relicts, but they have gained some key functions - too. They increase the plasticity of the human genome and some HERV LTRs can serve as binding sites for transcription factors like. Env protein from the families HERV-W and HERV- FRD were coopted by the human genome and are nowadays expressed as proteins Syncitin-1 and Syncitin-2, which are necessary by the forming of human placenta. Unfortunately, the HERV elements can have a negative health impacts. In the last decades they are subject of a debate in connection with various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, HIV proliferation and some types of tumorigenesis. The role of HERVs in the human genome is not completely known yet and it is important to continue with their research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Cytogenetics of selected groups of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii): Evolutionary-ecological questions associated with the dynamics of repetitive sequences and the occurrence of polyploidy
Sember, Alexandr ; Ráb, Petr (advisor) ; Marec, František (referee) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) exhibit the greatest biodiversity among vertebrates. The vast majority of extant actinopterygian fish species belong to clade Teleostei - a lineage whose significant evolutionary success might have resulted from a teleost specific whole- genome duplication (TSGD) that occurred at the onset of this group, subsequent to its divergence from the rest of actinopterygian lineages. Despite the growing body of sequenced fish genomes and analyses of their transcriptomes, the largest contribution to understanding fish genomes comes from analyses of DNA content and from cytogenetics. Genomes of ray-finned fishes and especially those of Teleostei exhibit vast diversity and rapid dynamics of repetitive DNA sequences whose variability is reflected in a wide range of fish genome sizes and in the dynamics behind karyotype differentiation. Therefore, ray-finned fishes offer a unique opportunity to study genome variability as a driving force underlying morphological and ecological diversification, evolution and adaptation. Particularly, the mapping of repetitive DNA sequences by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has proven to be a very useful and informative approach during the last two decades and contributed greatly to our understanding of the fish genome...
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Endogenous retroviral elements and their functions in the human genome
Famfulíková, Mirka ; Pačes, Jan (advisor) ; Lichá, Irena (referee)
In addition to the coding sequences, the human genome contains a so noncoding DNA, among which we count transposable elements capable of transposition in the genome. The remnants of the past retrovirus infections - endogenous retroviruses (human endogenous retroviruses - HERVs) belong to the transposable elements, which contain the LTR sequences. Human endogenous retroviruses make up to 8% of the size of the human genome. The retroviruses are not only passive relicts, but they have gained some key functions - too. They increase the plasticity of the human genome and some HERV LTRs can serve as binding sites for transcription factors like. Env protein from the families HERV-W and HERV- FRD were coopted by the human genome and are nowadays expressed as proteins Syncitin-1 and Syncitin-2, which are necessary by the forming of human placenta. Unfortunately, the HERV elements can have a negative health impacts. In the last decades they are subject of a debate in connection with various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, HIV proliferation and some types of tumorigenesis. The role of HERVs in the human genome is not completely known yet and it is important to continue with their research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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