|
|
Distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants
Šilhánková, Lenka ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with a trending topic – wastewater distribution of pharmaceuticals proven to be toxic to non-target organisms – specifically, the occurrence of beta-blockers, plentifully used in treating hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Members of this group, Atenolol, Acebutolol and Bisoprolol were chosen for closer study. The elimination of these chemicals was observed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with different treatment technologies and various number of population equivalents. For said analytes, UHPLC with UV/VIS detection using diode array detector (DAD) method was optimalised. A part of this thesis also deals with optimalization of isolation and concentrating the analytes. Unfortunately, the described method was not suitable for real sample analysis, because in most samples, the limit of quantification or even the limit of detection was not exceeded. It would be best for an analytical method with higher sensitivity, e. g. mass detector, to be used. The data gained in this experiment do not hold any informational value about the effectiveness of WWTP, as the exact amount of Acebutolol in effluent was measured only in one case. Based on the to-date executed analysis, it is impossible to conclude whether the quality of the treated water, concerning the content of aforementioned pharmaceuticals, is in any way ideal.
|
|
|
Analysis of drug residues in waters from small wastewater treatment plants
Pešková, Karolína ; Repková, Martina (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of pharmaceuticals residues in wastewater from wastewater treatment plants used for smaller sources of pollution (up to 2000 population equivalent). Pharmaceuticals entering the environment are a highly discussed topic, especially due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, negative effects on non-target organisms, vegetation etc. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with smaller wastewater treatment plants or root sewage treatment plants, which achieve excellent results in the field of organic pollution removal. It deals with their detailed description, functioning or division. Attention is paid to pharmaceuticals in general, mechanisms of their removal and methods of their determination in wastewater. In total of 24 drugs from the group of beta-blockers, macrolide antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics, antidepressants and sulfonamides were selected for analysis. In the experimental part of this diploma thesis, wastewater samples were taken from domestic wastewater treatment plants (type AT 6, AT 12 Plus, AT 30 and AT 150) and from the root sewage treatment plant of Dražovice. The samples were first processed using optimized extraction method (solid phase extraction) and then analyzed using optimized UPLC-ESI-MS method. The presence of pharmaceuticals residues was confirmed in all analysed wastewater. The highest concentrations were detected for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals – ibuprofen and diclofenac.
|
|
|
Possibilities of elimination of sulfonamides from the aquatic ecosystem
Suková, Petra ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on the determination of sulfonamide antibiotics especially the possibility of elimination of these substances from the aquatic ecosystem. Nowadays, environmental contamination of the pharmaceuticals and their residues is a serious concern. Main sources of this contamination are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where these compounds are not effectively removed by contemporary conventional technology. For this reason, new methods are being developed and tested that could eliminate the number of contaminants entering the environment in this way. There is a possibility to use the potential of the enzymatic system of wood-decay fungi, especially white rot fungi. Six representatives of sulfonamide antibiotics were selected and isolated from the aquatic matrix via solid phase extraction. The final identification and quantification method was high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Monitoring of the concentration level of selected sulfonamide antibiotics at the inflow and effluent at the Brno-Modřice WWTP was carried out weekly. Moreover, the effectiveness of elimination of selected antibiotics from the aquatic ecosystem by the use of Trametes versicolor wood-decay fungi cultured on a suitable carrier was verified.
|
|
|
Methods of water samples processing with subsequent in vitro detection of endocrine disrupters
Daniel, Romain Oliver ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Bittner,, Michal (advisor)
In recent years, interest in monitoring of estrogenic compounds in water environment due to their adverse effects on human and animal health has been increased. Partiucular attention is paid to analytical techniques used to quantify estrogens in water samples, such as instrumental and biological techniques (in vitro, in vivo). Water samples need to be concentrated due to very low estrogen levels (ng·L-1) and low limit of detection of used analytical methods. Solid phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are comonly used to concentrate water samples. This bachelor thesis represents reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) as another possible methods for this purpose. This thesis is focused on the preconcentration of water samples spiked with four estrogens (estrone E1, 17-estradiol E2, estriol E3 and 17-ethynylestradiol EE2) and surface water samples taken from three watercourses in city of Brno using RO and SPE and its comparison of their effeciency. This was evaluated by in vitro estrogenicity assay on the stably transfected cell line hER-HeLa-9903. By using RO, estrogens were concentrated with different recovery – the highest recovery was reached for EE2 129.29%, lowest for E2 38.53%. No detectable amount of estrogen has been detected in surface water samples. RO appears to be a suitable method to the water samples preconcentration prior to in vitro analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds. Water samples treated by the SPE method were not measured untill the sunbmission of bachelor thesis, so the RO and SPE efficiency was not performed.
|
|
|
Determination of polar pesticides in waste and surface waters
Borůvková, Tereza ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This work is focused on the determination of polar pesticides in surface and waste waters. In this study Mecoprop-P, MCPA, Dichlorprop-P, 2,4-D and MCPBA in differently loaded surface waters and communal waters from sewage treatment plants were analyzed. These herbicides are included in the group identified as environmental quality standards. Some of herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) were selected because their consumption in the Czech Republic exceeds 30 tons a year. Samples were collected prom three rivers near town of Jaroměř (Elbe, Úpa and Metuje Rivers), from one river near the town of Brno (Svratka River) and from inflow and outflow of two sewage treatment plants (WWTP Jaroměř, WWTP Brno – Modřice). Particular rivers were chosen for monitoring due to the probability of occurrence of herbicides, because they flow through agriculturally cultivated areas. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of target compounds and their concentration. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used for the determination of target analytes in surface and waste waters. Selected herbicides were detected in all collected samples.
|
|
|
Assessment of selected pesticides using gas chromatography
Matušková, Monika ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The submitted thesis deals with determination of selected pesticides in water samples by gas chromatography. The target pesticides belong to the group of organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosmet) and carbamates (carbofuran, aldicarb, methiocarb, pirimicarb, and propamocarb). In the theoretical part, the division of pesticides is stated, and their properties are described, as well as their fate in the environment and their negative effects. Then, the possibilities of analytical determination based on gas chromatography are characterized. The experimental part describes the treatment of the samples and their subsequent analysis. Solid phase extraction was chosen as the extraction technique. Two kinds of cartridges were optimized (Oasis HLB and Supelclean ENVI-18) in combination with various elution reagents. The most suitable combination was then used for processing of real samples of waste-water, which was taken from WWTP in Brno Modřice. For the final determination of the target compounds by gas chromatography, two types of detectors were used: mass spectrometer and an electron capture detector.
|
|
|
Determination of platinum group metals in soils the city of Brno
Pavlíčková, Ivana ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
The diploma thesis focuses on identifying the presence of platinum in soil samples by absorption spectroscopy. The work is divided into two parts, the theoretical part is focused on the occurrence and behavior of platinum in the environment, the fundamental chemical and physical properties of platinum, its importance in catalytic converters in cars, on solid phase extraction method and the method for the determination of atomic absorption spectrometry. The second part is the practical part, focused on the determination of the platinum amount in the soil samples in the city of Brno.
|
|
|
Determination of the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in municipal wastewater
Smutná, Michaela ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the determination of phosphodiesterase 5 selective inhibitors in communal waste waters. In this study phosphodiesterase inhibitors levels in municipal waste waters from sewage treatment plants with different numbers of equivalent inhabitants were analyzed. Namely it was sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice, Luhačovice and Hodonín. In each of the above mentioned facilities 24 - hour cumulated samples of the influent and effluent waste water were collected. On the Brno - Modřice sewage treatment plant also weekly monitoring of the concentration of phosphodiesterase inhibitors was realized.
|
|
|
The issue of penicillin antibiotics in water
Landová, Pavlína ; Oborná, Jana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the occurrence and determination of penicillin antibiotics in wastewater. Penicillin V was selected as a representative of this class of antibiotics due to its frequent prescribing. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was selected as a method of isolation of the analyte from the wastewater. Optimal conditions were found for Bakerbond C18 SPE column. Drug analysis was carried out on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with diode array detection (UV-VIS/DAD). Under optimized conditions, the analysis of wastewater from the WWTP Brno Modřice influent and effluent was performed.
|
|
|
Determination of pharmaceuticals in drinking waters using HPLC
Králová, Radka ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The aim of the diploma thesis is the determination of macrolide antibiotics in drinking water by using of high performance liquid chromatography. Erythromycin and clarithromycin were selected such as representative macrolides due to frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals in this time. Solid phase extraction (SPE) by using of Oasis HLB cartridges was applied for pre concentration and purification of chosen analytes in real samples of drinking water. Optimalization of method and analysis were performed by using of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS). The suitable method was selected for determination of macrolides in real samples taken from two sources of drinking water, the interception of water in Litovel and Černovír Olomouc.
|
guest ::
