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Ionizing radiation as a topic of environmental education
VANĚČEK, Marcel
Ionizing radiation is a physical factor that has a significant effect on human health. An average person on Earth is irradiated at an average of 2.4 mSv per year. Most of this dose comes from natural sources, especially radon. High levels of radon are the second most common cause of lung cancer after smoking. At present there is an increase in exposure from medical sources which in some developed countries may equal to exposure from natural sources. Basic knowledge about sources of ionizing radiation, its effects and protection against it should be known to all high school students. The diploma thesis focuses on ionizing radiation from the perspective of high school teachers and students. It is divided into two main parts. In the first theoretical part the issue of ionizing radiation as a physical factor affecting human health is discussed. It describes the origin of ionizing radiation, basic concepts such as radioactivity and half-life, there are different types of radiation, individual sources, effects and protection against it. The second practical part is focused on examining the knowledge of high school students on this issue. The work tries to solve several goals. The first goal of the thesis is analysing the approach of high school teachers to information about the topic of ionizing radiation. The second goal is to verify the knowledge of high school students. The third goal is to evaluate whether high school students have a better knowledge of the topic of ionizing radiation than grammar school students. The fourth and last goal of the diploma thesis is to write a freely accessible material about the topic of ionizing radiation for high school teachers and students. This material will serve as an information source during the creation of the educational material for teachers teaching on the topic of ionizing radiation, but it can also be used by students while preparing seminar papers.
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Contribution to radiodiagnostics and to treatment of chosen pathological lesions of femur in childhood and in adults
Horák, Martin ; Poučková, Pavla (advisor) ; Marek, Josef (referee) ; Vítek, František (referee)
7 Abstract (AJ) Introduction Radiology examination using specialized modern imaging methods, including CT and MRI, is essential in the diagnosis of congenital and acquired diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The first part of the dissertation deals with certain congenital defects of the short femur, known in the literature as proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD). This part summarizes our experience with the radiological findings in the preoperative and postoperative period, with the main attention to the vascular supply to the affected area. The second part of the presentation deals with some aspects of autologous chondrocyte transplantation fixed at two different carriers implanted into post-traumatic articular cartilage defects of the distal femur. Radiological findings are evaluated in the relation to the histopathological findings. Objectives The first part of the study after the distribution of patients with PFFD by current commonly used radiographic classification sets the objective in the extent of scans of the hip joints to specify diagnosis PFFD in each patient and to evaluate in detail changes in the area of disability, especially a course of blood vessels. The evaluation of the radiation burden of repeated X-ray measurements was done with respect to the age of the patients. Tissue samples...
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Perception of radiation burden and of examination in patients undergoing computed tomography.
Lambertová, Alena ; Harsa, Pavel (advisor) ; Ptáček, Radek (referee) ; Křivánek, Jiří (referee)
Purpose: The aim of the first part of this work was to evaluate the trend of the number of head CT examinations in patients with minor head injury in emergency service and to find out whether it has objective causes. The aim of the second part was to assess patients' knowledge regarding the CT examination, its risks, the source of their information and to evaluate the effect of providing information about the CT examination in a printed form. Method: In the first part of the work, we extracted data from the radiological module of the hospital information system. We searched for head CT scans in patients with minor head injury and their input characteristics and findings on CT. Further data were obtained from the hospital, the Institute of Health Information and Statistics and the Czech Statistical Office. Trends of regression curves were compared by F-test, correlation of trends was expressed using Spearman's coefficient. The second part of the work was based on a questionnaire for patients scheduled for CT scan of the body. The questionnaire included demographic data as well as items assessing patients' awareness of the risks of radiation exposure, intravenous contrast media, their sources of information and their fear of the examination. On the second page, Zung's Anxiety Scale was printed. On...
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Contribution to radiodiagnostics and to treatment of chosen pathological lesions of femur in childhood and in adults
Horák, Martin ; Poučková, Pavla (advisor) ; Marek, Josef (referee) ; Vítek, František (referee)
7 Abstract (AJ) Introduction Radiology examination using specialized modern imaging methods, including CT and MRI, is essential in the diagnosis of congenital and acquired diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The first part of the dissertation deals with certain congenital defects of the short femur, known in the literature as proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD). This part summarizes our experience with the radiological findings in the preoperative and postoperative period, with the main attention to the vascular supply to the affected area. The second part of the presentation deals with some aspects of autologous chondrocyte transplantation fixed at two different carriers implanted into post-traumatic articular cartilage defects of the distal femur. Radiological findings are evaluated in the relation to the histopathological findings. Objectives The first part of the study after the distribution of patients with PFFD by current commonly used radiographic classification sets the objective in the extent of scans of the hip joints to specify diagnosis PFFD in each patient and to evaluate in detail changes in the area of disability, especially a course of blood vessels. The evaluation of the radiation burden of repeated X-ray measurements was done with respect to the age of the patients. Tissue samples...
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The radiation exposure of the employers in Jachymov Spa
STRAKOVÁ, Eliška
Jáchymov radon spa, which is the subject of this bachelor thesis, uses, besides classic spa methods and balneological procedures, the radon water treatment. The main goal of this thesis is to get familiarised with the spa and empirically evaluate radiation exposure of spa employees. In the theoretical part, I define (theoretical basis) basic concepts, on which the problematics of this thesis is based. In another part I deal with the history of the spa complex, origin of therapeutic sources and their utilization. Also, as a part of this thesis, I mention illnesses, indicated for this type of treatment and clarify principles and effects on the basis of documentable research from literary sources. Because the thesis is focused on radiation exposure, in other chapters I deal with radiation protection and monitoring of doses (of radiation) of staff present in the spa. Practical part is focused on empirical quantitative research, aiming at statistical processing of data for development monitoring. The main idea is to process radiation exposure of employees in the timeframe of 26 years, between years 1991 - 2016. Furthermore to evaluate the development with closing general comparison of the processed results between spas, utilising radon water treatment and employees of uranium mines. Statistical processing shows that development of received doses is periodically fluctuating. The average value of effective dose was found to be 2,39 mSv in all employees with the highest possible received dose of 10,23 mSv per year. In case of equivalent dose to the skin was the average value 1,70 mSv per year. Despite the dose values being fairly high, it can not be said that radon spa employees exceed limits of radiation protection.
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The use of ionizing radiation in archeology
HORÁKOVÁ, Sandra
The methods using ionizing radiation for studying the archaeological artefacts have found an important place in the archaeology. The archaeologists using the ionising radiation are receiving far more comprehensive view into the past. The main area of this identification is the age of the objects, proving their authenticity and the composition analyses to determine the object origin. There is number of different methods, but for the archaeology only those methods that do not impair the subject investigated are taken into the account. This is a fundamental limiting factor for this area, as far as the monuments create an irreplaceable cultural heritage. There are number of modern methods in this area. However, not all of them are suitable for a certain material. Every method is usually suited for a narrow range of dedicated elements and limited range of ages only. This work is focused on the methods using ionizing radiation, which are the mostly used and typical for this field. Thus, the question is, whether there are any significant risks for the archaeological research in terms of the radiation protection. In order to clarify this issue, this material describes various methods and presents the results of practical measurements for the roentgen-fluorescent method. This method was selected due to its frequent usability by the archaeologists, and because the mobile analyser can be used in the field. The theoretical part of this report is focused on the basic knowledge about ionizing radiation, which is important for the understanding the issue. This is about the basic terms, such as radioactivity, ionizing radiation and its kinds, and radiation protection. In the context of radiation protection, the deterministic and stochastic effects of the ionizing radiation are outlined. The basic methods of protection against ionizing radiation and the biological effects of radiation on a human body are also described. Also the limits, embodied in the principles of radiation protection, are described. For the comprehensive overview, the radiation burden of the population is briefly described in the theoretical part of this material. The next part of this bachelor degree report is the methodology of the research, i.e., summarizes the overview of the selected methods, in which the ionizing radiation is used. Seven methods that are most commonly used and are typical for the archaeology are described. Practical measurement of the bachelor degree report presents the results of the roentgen-fluorescent analysis. Archaeological Institute of the University of South Bohemia use this method and specifically the mobile analyser Thermo Scientific NITON XL2 GOLDD. It is being used for a quantitative analysis of the samples with the primary source of low power mini roentgen tube 45 kV/W with silver anode. For the dose rate measurement from the NITON XL2 GOLDD meter, the FH-40-10 dose rate meter was used, borrowed from the nuclear power plant Temelin. Its range is 10 nSv/h - 1 Sv/h. Several items were selected for the measurement, such as the bronze sword, steel weight with the diameter of 4 cm and silver coin with the diameter of 1 cm. The measurement was accomplished after a contact application of the mobile analyser on the investigated subject, for the analysis of its composition. At the same time the dose input was measured by the FH-40-10 meter over the measured subject.
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Radiation load patients during lung skiagraphy
NOVÁKOVÁ, Andrea
The topic of my thesis was to evaluate radiation doses to patients with lung skigrafii. The impetus for the treatment of this topic was that even though the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (Věštník MZ ČR 9/2011) recommends the use of classic hard skigrafii lung imaging technique, a number of radiodiagnostic workplaces still uses the technique of low voltage, although the patient is exposed to a higher dose. Skigrafie lung examination is among the low-dose exposure, but it is the most commonly performed tests. Since the risks of radiation from various sources of radiation during their lives constantly in the body are added, it is necessary to try to make at least a medical exposures are minimized as much as possible. In the theoretical part I tried to arrange the all important information on x-rays, skiagrafii, lung anatomy, imaging techniques, radiation protection and legislative framework that deals radiodiagnostika. Department of Radiology in the Czech Republic have at their disposal guidelines and recommendations for proper X-ray examinations, called. National Radiological standards that ensure optimum image quality while minimizing the radiation dose for the patient. For physicians who indicate radiodiagnostic examinations is crucial document "Indication criteria for imaging", which sets criteria so that all examinations imaging methods were duly substantiated, and their indications regulated. Practical work is focused on comparing the radiation burden of two imaging techniques for the examination of the lungs, namely imaging technique compared with low (ie. Soft) and high (ie. Hard) exposure voltage. The main part is based on the processing of results and input values falling surface kerma, which were measured for X-ray work by a water phantom ionization chamber using two exposure techniques. Based oriented values and using tabulated values I calculated the dose for each imaging technique. The effective dose for soft imaging technique was almost three times higher than the technique hard. Also interesting is the result of secondary radiation, the soft technique is almost five times exceeds the emerging secondary radiation hard imaging technique. Another important part of this work was to compare the effective doses for the two groups of selected patients with radiographic examination of the lungs, were divided according to the used imaging technique. The first group of patients who were imaged in the first quarter of 2014 equipment with voltage 125kV, in the second group were patients from the first quarter of 2011 the average radiography exposure voltage 57.2 kV. From both groups were selected only patients with a weight of 60-80 kg, which approximates the patient's usual layout, with whom works legislation Ministry of Health. The effective dose for hard imaging technique for the examination is 0.0085 mSv, for a soft technique is effective dose equal to 0.0304 mSv. It follows that the effective dose for hard skigrafické imaging technique for examination of the lungs during soft imaging technique is 3.5 times higher than in the technique hard. In terms of radiation protection is also interesting, as shown in the calculation of benefits program PCXMC that the dose to the gonads when skigrafické examination of the lungs almost zero, therefore the use of protective equipment in the genitals during the examination pointless and rather plays a psychological role. The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate that the advised the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic on the transition from soft to hard imaging technique technique is justified. On the basis of unmeasured values and progressive processing of results I could confirm my hypothesis: Using hard imaging technique at skigrafii lungs is reduced patient radiation dose.
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Imaging methods in assesment of the scoliotic children spine deformities
HLADÍKOVÁ, Ilona
Long-term effects of static load and lack of physical activity in children leads to the formation of poor posture, which is nowadays more and more often. Orthopedic deformity arising in childhood is usually reflected the after-effects in adulthood. It is useful and important these deformities early recognition and capture in order to prevent the progression of many diseases. In that radiology has an irreplaceable role. The work entitled " Imaging the investigation scoliosis spinal child deformity" approaching the issue of damage to children´s spine scoliosis mainly children, and thein investigation by imaging methods. At the beginning of my work, I reminded the anatomy and physiology of the spine. Then I described the division and types of scoliosis. The rapid development of imaging techniques and new in the last few decades have brought about changes in imaging the spine. I described the principle of the methods that are applied in the examination of the spine. Great progress for the entire radiology and changes in working practices radiology assistants brought digitization. Therefore, for the mention in my work and I compare it with conventional analog radiology. Investigation of children have thein own characteristics and pediatric radiology I devoted a separate chapter. In chapter radiation protection, I described the basic principles of protection against harmful ionizing radiation, I mentioned the valid legislation, the basic units and quantities in radiation protection. The aim of my thesis is to test children´s scoliosis spine, to compare the frequency of examination methods of diagnosis. As the second goal I set to compare the radiation exposure in children´s spine examination on an analog meter compared to tests on digital devices. The first objective is building on the hypothesis that even today, despite the development of new diagnostic methods such as CT, MR, ultrasound, radiographic examination remains the priority children´s spine. The second objective I hypothesized that due to the digitization of the radiation dose to the patient during the examination decreased. Quantitative research was conducted at University Hospital Motol. Number of examined children´s backbone has shown that the vast majority of children with deformities of the spine radiography was investigated. Hypothesis number one is hereby confirmed. To meet the second objective, I selected group of 30 children diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis, which in 2008 was on the unit Chiralux 2 (6a) conducted an analog image of the spine. In the same way, I chose a group of 30 children examined in the first half of 2013 on the same site digital radiography unit at Siemens Ysio 2 Fluorospot Compact. This was possible because in 2009 there was a baby Radiodiagnostics FN Motol direct digitization. The parameters used in tests I averaged a further mathematically processed. Hypothesis number two was also fulfilled, since calculations have shown that the examination of the spine digital radiography, radiation to the child about 31,3% lower. In my work I have in addition included the calculation of radiation doses received by the mammary gland during radiographic examination of the spine in the AP and PA projection. It turned out that the values are significantly different. This finding is in terms of radiation protection relatively important, since the ICRP in its recommendation to increase the value of tissue weighting factor for the mammary gland. Investigation of children imaging using ionizing radiation is the radiation dose to the child. Radiology assistant by its qualified work experience and contribute to this burden is as low as possible.
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The specifics of pediatric radiology
KOLÁŘOVÁ, Veronika
Hardly anything is able to induce stronger emotions in the average man than those induced by matters relating to children. Paediatric patients are not little adults, so not only high-quality modern instrumentation and specific procedures, but also the medical staff?s professional attitude and an adapted environment are desirable when applying radiologic diagnostic imaging techniques. The priority requirement is generally to minimize the radiation burden ? both the overall dose and especially the gonadal dose. In terms of radiation protection, it applies twice to children that the indication for the use of an examination must always be thoroughly considered. A paediatric radiologist must always accurately determine the correct sequence of individual methods (a so-called examination algorithm) that will give the best diagnostic result with the lowest radiation burden and invasiveness. The aim of this bachelor?s thesis was to analyze the difference in a radiology assistant?s approach to a child and to an adult during radiology examinations and to determine whether a child and his/her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information when the child undergoes radiology examinations. To clear up the aims of the bachelor?s thesis, research using a technique in which two questionnaires were used was used to collect data. The questionnaires were in both the printed form and the electronic form. The surveys took place in selected radiology departments in Strakonice, in Pisek, in Plzeň, and in Ústí nad Labem. The respondents chose from the answer options for some questions and filled in their answers for the others. The respondents? answers are represented using graphs in the ?Results? chapter. The individual graphs are described there and the most interesting answers to questionnaire questions are supplemented by general thoughts and my personal assumptions and opinions in the following ?Discussion? chapter. The practical part of the bachelor?s thesis proves that the aim of the thesis was achieved. The research questions were answered. The surveys found that the answer to the first research question, i.e. whether radiography assistants take a different approach to a child and to an adult when applying radiological imaging methods, was ?yes?. Radiography assistants take a different approach to a child and to an adult. The answer to the second research question, i.e. whether a child and his or her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information on radiological examinations, is also positive. A child and his or her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information on radiological examinations. I have summarised the results of my work in the ?Conclusion? chapter. Further, the surveys found that persons accompanying a child perceive the environment of radiology departments as a friendly, safe and comfortable environment. The only lack of accompanying persons? awareness that could be perceived negatively from the results of the questionnaires within this bachelor?s thesis is the finding that the lay public is not clear about the amount of radiation received during certain radiological examinations (CTs and X-ray examinations) and that the possibility of buying the record of a radiological examination on a CD is not generally known. There is room for active radiology workers who are interested in raising public awareness about radiology examinations. This bachelor?s thesis proved that also lay persons accompanying children are interested in being a part of the team, trying to achieve a beneficial result of the examination. The purpose of the bachelor?s thesis was to prepare a comprehensive text on issues of specifics in paediatric radiology that can be used as supplementary material when examining children.
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Monitoring of radiation stress of pacients during radiographic examination in FNKV Prague
SEDINOVÁ, Monika
Abstract In my Bachelor´s thesis I dealt with the X-ray burden to which patients were exposed during the skiagraphic examination at the Radiodiagnostic Clinic of the Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital in 2008 and 2009. The goal of the thesis was to optimize the dose of X-rays during skiagraphic examination, while maintaining the highest possible quality of the skiagram, and to propose an optimum solution in terms of the control of exposure of the population. I have tried to compare the radiation burden on the patients in analogue and digital skiagraphy using standart protective aids, and to analyze the radiation burden on the patients during skiagraphic examinations. Calculations partly confirmed the hypothesis that the radiation burden on the patients may be reduced not only by setting appropriate exposure parameters, but mainly through different image systems and their optimization
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