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Processes in the forest vegetation of thermophyticum in the past decades
Pospíšková, Marie ; Hédl, Radim (advisor) ; Szabó, Péter (referee)
The thermophilous forests, especially their herb layer, are important from the conservational as well as from the cultural point of view because they represent unique communities directly and indirectly affected by man on the long term basis. Since the 19th century the way these communities are affected changed significantly, the same way as the whole society changed, and the vegetation responded by shift of species composition, diversity and also changes of the spatial structure. This thesis brings together the most relevant changes of vegetation and their causes. However, there is similar situation in the whole Europe, or more widely in the whole temperate zone, thus there are references also for other countries. Regarding historical ecology, one of the most studied countries is the Great Britain, which is mentioned the most often in this work.
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Vliv převodu lesního tvaru na společenstva saproxylických brouků (Coleoptera) na Hádecké planince (Drahanská vrchovina) pět let po provedení zásahu
Pellarová, Magdalena
In the framework of the bachelor thesis the intervention on Hádecká planinka was studied. In this research the influence of reduction of the canopy closure and the vertical position of the trap on the studied bioindication group was studied. The beetles were studied by the window trap, which was installed in growth of varying intensity and in the control area where no intervention was made. The relationship of species data and monitored variables was evaluated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Altogether were trapped 1170 individuals and 129 species. The most numerous were the families Salpingidae, Curculionidae and Monotomidae. The most numerous were the species Salpingus planirostris, Rhizophagus bipustulatus and Litargus connexus (all with more than 80 individuals). In total 30 species is classified in red list of threatended species of invertebrates of Czech Republic, most threatened species belong to category „endangered“: Isorphis marmottani, Nalanda fulgidicolis, Mycetophagus ater, Pedostrangalia reversita, Synchyta undata and Synchyta variegata. On the basis of the data evaluation it can be stated, that saproxylic beetles are demonstrably influenced by the canopy closure and the vertical position of the trap. Most species tend to occur in areas with lower canopy closure. However, in the case of testing the impact on the level of the particular species, abundance of 10 species increases with the canopy closure, in contrary only abundance of 5 species decreases with the increasing canopy closure. It was also found that in the case of 7 species the abundance increases with height, and in the case of 8 species the abundance decreases with the height.
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Processes in the forest vegetation of thermophyticum in the past decades
Pospíšková, Marie ; Hédl, Radim (advisor) ; Szabó, Péter (referee)
The thermophilous forests, especially their herb layer, are important from the conservational as well as from the cultural point of view because they represent unique communities directly and indirectly affected by man on the long term basis. Since the 19th century the way these communities are affected changed significantly, the same way as the whole society changed, and the vegetation responded by shift of species composition, diversity and also changes of the spatial structure. This thesis brings together the most relevant changes of vegetation and their causes. However, there is similar situation in the whole Europe, or more widely in the whole temperate zone, thus there are references also for other countries. Regarding historical ecology, one of the most studied countries is the Great Britain, which is mentioned the most often in this work.
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History and presence of oak stands in Europe
Kloučková, Dominika ; Bače, Radek (advisor) ; Janda, Pavel (referee)
The aim of this work is to evaluate historical human impact on the expansion of European oak stands in the past through scientific publications and to find existing limitations that affect the oak recovery ability. The European historical forest is characterized by coppicing, of which origins date back to the Neolithic period. The coppice featured vegetative renewal, in the coppice with standards there were left standards of the generative origin, often oaks. Both forms have a very long tradition in European countries. People used the sprouting capacity and the quick regeneration of oak especially for construction purposes and their need for firewood. Acorns secured the source of food for pig farming. Based on for example the ring width or pollen analysis, current methods of research permit to assess the impact of active management on the oak stands and outline the structure of primeval forests. It turned out that coppicing has a positive effect on the increment of oak standards and that the open landscape with a rich diversity of species, which features a picture of a primeval forest, was always maintained especially by a man starting forest fires. Since the mid-20th century, it was gradually transferred to the high shape of the wood, which favors generative way to recovery, and thus monocultures of often coniferous trees are created. Oak is currently health endangered tree species and its recovery is negatively affected by grazing deer (browsing), the influence of abrupt climate change, weed, pathogenic fungi of the genus Phytophthora, oak powdery mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides), tracheomycotic diseases or larvae of winter moth (Operophtera Brumata) and green oak moth (Tortrix viridana). Finally, it is inappropriately selected management that is not based on the rich history of this species and doesn´t preserve its characteristic natural properties.
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Initial vegetative regeneration of broad-leaved woody plants on the experimental site of reserved coppice-with-standards woodland in the NR Na Voskopě, Czech Karst
Dekan, Petr ; Černý, Tomáš (advisor) ; Čada, Vojtěch (referee)
This thesis deals with the intensity of tree regeneration in the initial phase of development of future coppice stand. The research was conducted in PR Na Voskopě in the Czech Karst on an experimental strip measuring 25x125 m. This strip was felled in the early spring of 2015 (JELENECKÁ, 2015), there were 14 standards left for the future development of coppice-with-standards forest. The most abundant tree species are hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and oak (Quercus sp.), there is also the maple (Acer campestre) and service tree (Sorbus torminalis), other trees have only a minimal representation. The average measured age of the felled oak equals 87 years and that of hornbeam equals 74 years, after model calculation for the hornbeam the average age was assessed as 68 years. On the felled strip there were 538 stumps recorded at the end of the growing season (3. - 4. 10. 2015), eight parameters of stump and root re-sprouting (height of the highest sprouts, total number of sprouts, the average height of sprouts, the largest horizontal width of the whole sprouting bunch, browsing rate of sprouts, presence of root sprouts and the sprout cluster presence). The analysis used data taken from Field-Map inventory (JELENECKÁ, 2015). Evaluation of the data showed that DBH has a significant effect on the regeneration of sprouts mainly for the hornbeam, but no effect for the oak. Topographic gradient along the strip also has some effect on the regeneration of sprouts, oak more intensively regenerates at the bottom of the slope and hornbeam in the upper part of the slope. Amid the slope there was some reduction in regeneration, most probably due to the game influence (mouflons). Browsing sprouts is on this experimental strip enormous. Despite adverse weather conditions (drought and heat) in 2015 regenerates in this relatively extreme habitat 91 % stumps.
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Vliv výmladkového hospodaření na strukturu a diverzitu dřevinného patra v jihovýchodní Evropě
Svoboda, Jan
This work deals with the influence coppice management on the structure and diversity of coppice forest in Turkey (Southeastern Europe). Data are characterizing the local natural conditions in the school forest area of Istanbul University. The structure was measured by Field-map, 46 plots with a radius of 9 m (254 m2). The data were analyzed in the R statistic programme. It was found that the influence of habitat and exposure to the representation of individual tree species is statistically significant. Abundance of species was significantly higher in the active coppice. Shannon's diversity index was the highest at hill exhibition. Species evenness (Evenness) EH increased proportionally with the content of calcium (Ca) in the soil.
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Communities of xylophagous insects in floodplain forest: distribution and host specificity
VODKA, Štěpán
During the last century the forests of Central Europe changed from open woodlands to even-aged stands with closed-canopy. This change resulted in severe decline of forest biodiversity. This study examines how, and why such change affected xylophagous insects. I have studied microhabitat preferences, i.e. distribution of xylophagous insects in canopy and understorey of closed forests, forest edges and wooded meadows. I used method of rearing insect from timber baits exposed to ovipositing females of xylophagous insects in different situations in the forest at the beginning if vegetation season. After one season of exposition,the baits were collected enclosed in fly-wire cages, where emerging insects were collected for two seasons. This thesis consists of two parts: The first part is an unpublished manuscript dealing with effect of habitat insolation, vertical stratification, forest structure and amount of dead wood on community of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) and jewell beetles (Buprestidae) feeding on wood of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Baits were exposed in the canopy and the understorey of forest interior, the canopy and the understorey of forest edge and on solitary trees on wooded meadows. Most insect species do prefer insoled wood for their development, and were more common in the understorey than in the canopy. Insolation of bait was thus the prime factor affecting composition of reared insects. No relation was found between dead wood volume and species composition or abundance of reared insects This shows that insolation of the dead wood is crucial to conservation of most xylophagous insects. The second part of the thesis studies effect of vertical stratification and insolation on distribution of xylophages feeding reared from wood of 8 tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba, P. x canadensis, Salix alba, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis) and host specificity of xylophages. Results show that: (i) community composition of xylophages reflects evolutionary history of their host plants; (ii) communities reared from different trees exhibit different preferences for forest strata and insolation of the habitat, probably in connection to preferred growth conditions of the host plant, (iii) many xylophagous insect species exhibit strong preferences to insoled habitats, and are thus confined to forest edges in extensively managed forests as well as in unmanaged forest reserves.
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