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Elemental analysis of leaf and soil samples using the ICP-MS
Švecová, Pavla ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Kozlík, Petr (referee)
EN Theaimofthisthesiswastodeterminethecontentofselectedelements,namelyarsenic,cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, calcium, and zinc in leaf and soil samples. The analysed samples were received from many locations in the Czech Republic and various European countries. Leaf samples were dried and digested in a microwave digestion system for the determination of thetotal content ofelements.Soil samples wereanalysed usinganextractionprocedurewithaquaregiaas the extractant according to ISO 11466. This method was also applied to certified reference materials to verify the usage of this procedure. The content of elements in leaf and soil samples was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Thecontentofelementsinleavesshowedawiderangeofvaluesforeachelement.Concentrations of elements ranged for calcium 0.98 to 16.6mg g-1 , nickel 0.16 to 10.20μg g-1 , copper 2.60 to 43.80 μg g- 1 , zinc 13.4 to 489 μg g-1 , arsenic 0.01 to 11.60 μg g-1 , cadmium < LOD to 7.02 μg g-1 , and lead 0.03 to 71.40μg g-1 , respectively. Generally, higher values of heavy metals were obtained for samples from areas with mining activities or from industrial zones. Recoveryofelementsintheusedcertifiedreferencematerialsshowedvaluesrangingfrom68.4% to 121%. Two types of reference materials were used, and the recovery...
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Influence of ants on soil chemistry across biomes
Kostečka, Luboš ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Jílková, Veronika (referee)
Ants are important ecosystem engineers. Their activity has direct and indirect influence on soil chemistry inside their nest through processes such as bioturbation or accumulation of organic matter and its decomposition by the microbial community. These processes depend on environmental conditions such as soil properties and climate. However, there has not yet been a comparison of this influence on soil chemistry across different biomes. The aim of this thesis is therefore (1) describe the processes through which ants influence soil chemistry (2) summarize the resulting influence on soil properties such as the concentration of nutrients and the pH level in the ant nests and the surrounding soil (3) find out whether there is a common trend to these influences across biomes, or if every biome has its own specific trend. The findings of this thesis point to the conclusion that while there is a common trend across biomes, it heavily depends on conditions such as nest structure, feeding strategy of a particular species and the climatic conditions of the given ecosystem. Key words: ants, soil, soil chemistry, biomes, nests, bioturbation, feeding strategy, macronutrients, pH, environmental conditions, climate
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Lysimeters - composition of soil solution in its native form
Zikmund, Jiří ; Müllerová, Kristýna (referee) ; Enev, Vojtěch (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with the issue of soil solution with an emphasis on water-soluble fractions of humic substances. Humic substances are organic compounds that occur naturally in the soil and in the soil solution, and they play an important role in the physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in the soil. In the experimental part, samples of the soil solution originating from the experimental station of the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture in Hradec nad Svitavou were evaluated. These were samples coming from the control variant and from the variants fertilized with slurry and digestate. The pH and conductivity values of the soil solution were determined for the samples. Furthermore, the humic substances contained in the soil solution were analyzed using infrared, fluorescence and UV/Vis spectrometry methods.
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Speciation analysis of arsenic compounds in environmental samples
Pakosta, Lukáš ; Novotná, Marie (referee) ; Vašinová Galiová, Michaela (advisor)
Arsenic is a toxic element that exists in various species, each having different environmental and health impacts. The presence of arsenic in the environment, especially in water and soil, poses a serious risk to human health. In this bachelor's thesis, the time and temperature for the extraction of arsenic and arsenic species in soil and biota samples were optimized. For the separation of arsenic species, high-performance liquid chromatography was used, and the determination of arsenic species content and total arsenic content was carried out using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma. Based on the conducted experiment, the optimal conditions were applied to soil and biota samples from Lužánky Park.
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The separation of microplastics from environmental matrices
Pařízková, Mia Victoria ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with methods of separation microplastics from soil and the follow up application of quantitative methods of gravimetry, ATR-FTIR and Py-GC/MS. Samples containing model soil and PET or PLA microplastics of different concentrations were prepared. These samples were separated using potassium carbonate solution of known density. The effectivity of separation was measured by gravimetry. The samples were also analysed using ATR-FTIR and Py-GC/MS methods the results of which were compared by correlation coefficients. It was found that ATR-FTIR is a more suitable method, thus it was used for analysis of prepared samples of ten different real soils and PET or PLA microplastics.
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Determination of pesticides in solid environmental matrices
Řepková, Michaela ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the still pressing issue of pesticides in the soil environment. The theoretical part deals with the entry of these pesticide substances into the environment, i.e. their application in various forms to agricultural soil, where they are retained in the soil based on certain factors and subsequently transported from the soil to other components of the environment. As pesticide residues are also present in other parts of the environment, they represent a global problem because of the potential environmental and health risks not only for the human population. Furthermore, the theoretical part deals with the appropriate method for the determination of these pesticide substances in the soil matrix, both a suitable extraction method and a suitable analytical technique. The experimental part primarily focused on the actual determination of these persistent organic pollutants. Pesticides from soil were extracted by one of the most popular extraction methods at present, namely the QuEChERS method. This method has been thoroughly optimised to achieve the lowest possible detection/quantification limits, the highest possible recoveries and good repeatability. The LC-MS/MS method was chosen as the appropriate analytical method for the determination of pesticides in soil extracts.
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Biochar effect on distribution of organic matter in soil
Haleš, Petr ; Širůček, David (referee) ; Kalina, Michal (advisor)
Biochar is a carbon-rich material that can be used in agronomy as a soil conditioner. The selection of the source biomass and the conditions used during pyrolysis (for example residence time and temperature) can have different effect on the physicochemical properties of this material. In this bachelor thesis biochar was produced from oat bran, woodchips, corn and compost by pyrolysis at 600 °C. The woodchips were also pyrolysed at temperatures in the range 400–700 °C. These biochar samples were subsequently leached with model rainwater. The main aim of this thesis was to assess how the conditions of biochar production influence the quantity and nature of substances, which can be released from this material. In the second part of this thesis, the commercial biochar Agrouhel (produced from sewage sludge at temperature 450–470 °C) was used (“Káňa”). This biochar was leached with model rainwater and dilute solutions of citric acid (which simulates root exudates) and hydrogen peroxide (which simulates enzymatic biochar degradation). Physicochemical characterization (pH and conductivity) of the extracts was realized after each leaching cycle. Additional analyses (UV-VIS and ICP-OES) of the solution were measured after the 1st, 5th and 10th cycle. The original solid biochar and biochar samples after the 10th cycle of leaching were used to determine the inorganic and organic fractions and to determine the elemental composition of the organic fraction (TGA and EA). The laboratory cultivation experiment with biochar Káňa was performed on the model plant (Lactuca sativa). Biochar obtained after termination of the cultivation was analysed (pH, conductivity, ICP-OES, TGA and EA) and the results were compared with data obtained for biochar Káňa leached by different model solutions. Fulvic and humic acids were extracted from the original biochar Káňa as well as from the biochar obtained after the termination of cultivation experiment. These samples were analysed on their inorganic and organic content and the abundance of organic elements (TGA and EA). Afterwards, the results were compared to each other and the correlations between the laboratory exposure to each soil factor and the cumulative exposure during the soil culture experiment were assessed.
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The problematics of identification and quantification of microplastics in soils
Polachová, Tereza ; Pavlovský, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis summarizes the current findings on the presence, behavior and analysis of microplastics in soils. The most common method for analyzing microplastics in soils is FTIR spectroscopy. However, summaries of findings and results of published research indicate insufficient standardization of sampling, purification and handling of samples. The aim was to create a mathematical model for the quantification of PET in mixtures of standard soils and PET, which was subsequently verified on mixtures of PET in different real soils. The result is a model which should be universal for the quantitative analysis of PET in standard and real soils, with low and high PET concentration. Models were created for the following wavenumbers 2965.80 cm-1; 1739.99 cm-1; 1299.85 cm-1 and 1135.31 cm-1. The correlation coefficients R2 for individual wavenumbers were: 0.9606; 0.9141; 0.9360 and 0.8879.
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Posouzení erozního ohrožení vybraných svahů na území podniku Smilkov a.s.
FULÍN, Patrik
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to assess the erosion threat of selected slopes in the territory of the Smilkov a.s. company and the subsequent proposal of anti-erosion measures leading to the reduction of the observed erosion and protection of the surrounding landscape. According to the results, erosion control measures were developed, consisting in the division of the land into parts. Furthermore, an anti-erosion seeding practice was proposed for each soil block. As a result of the erosion control measures, the long-term soil loss was reduced below the permissible soil loss limit.
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Migration of pharmaceuticals in soil systems
Janebová, Denisa ; Pekař, Miloslav (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
The increasing use of drugs leads to their frequent occurrence in the environment, which poses a risk not only because it can lead to the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, but also because it can threaten human health. Therefore, this work focuses on the issue of the occurrence and behaviour of two antibiotics in soil, specifically tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. Due to the presence of soil organic matter, it is believed that the soil can partially prevent the spread of drugs that enter the environment. The diploma thesis involved conducting diffusion experiments in soil columns under real conditions to determine the effective diffusion coefficients of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in three extraction agents. Sorption and desorption processes were also conducted in the individual layers of the soil column. The concentrations of the leachates were measured using UVVis spectrometry and liquid chromatography, while FTIR spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of the bound drug in the soil column.
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