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The role of male external glands in sexual behaviour of insect
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Kotyková Varadínová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hanus, Robert (referee)
The body of some insect's males is covered by glands, which females are interested in during or after courtship and copulation. Female can palpate this glands or feed on their secretion. My bachelor thesis describes these glands in five orders of insect, where they are known: Zygentoma, Zoraptera, Coleoptera and especially Orthoptera and Blattodea. In the introduction i describe briefly their histology, morphology and ontogeny. But the main part of the work deal with their ethological and ecological function. This glands have four main functions. They can serve to maneuver female into proper position and allow the male to clasp her genitalia. Another function is prolonging of copulation, which enable the male to transfer more sperm. Glands can also provide nutritious secret, through it the male directly affects the female fitness. The last function is simple signal of male quality, which through the production of secret demonstrates his good condition. The role of the glands is often uncertain and their functions are often overlaping.
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Aspekty reprodukcie slona afrického (Loxodonta africana) vo voľnej prírode a v ľudskej starostlivosti
Kováčiková, Ivana
The bachelor thesis Aspects of the Reproduction of the African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the Wilds and in Captivity deals with the reproduction of the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and various issues affecting it. The text focuses on the collection, study and assessment of literature related to the reproduction of the African bush elephant living in the wilds and in zoological gardens. It also points out the importance of the development and support of the reproduction of the African bush elephants, for the amount of the animals still living in the wilds is decreasing. The first part describes the general characteristics of the African bush elephant. Its subparts deal with zoological classification, evolution, anatomy, diet and communication system. The following part focuses on the reproduction of the animals and the related social behaviour thereof. The text further elaborates on musth, heat, mating, gravidity and birth, as well as on the development of the young after they are born. The thesis concludes with the evaluation of the current state of breeding of the African bush elephant in captivity and issues related to it.
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Sperm competition in frogs in relation to the reproductive strategy
Malečková, Vendulka ; Šandera, Martin (advisor) ; Hortová, Kateřina (referee)
2 Abstract This bachelor thesis focuses the comparison of the various reproductive strategies of frogs and the degree of sperm competition. Frogs are ecologically important group inhabiting all continents except Antarctica and northern polar regions. Frogs have species-specific reproductive strategies. Most frogs have external fertilization, but there are exceptions (eg. Ascaphidae) with internal fertilization. Before mating occurs, male grips female - this is called amplexus. Amplexus is divided into several types according to the place of gripping the female, and there are exceptions that do not use amplexus. Even for them there is a complex behavior, in which the male directs the female to the eggs laying spot. Mating mostly occurs in water. Frogs are polyandrous, meaning that one female mates with multiple males. Such a system encourages the male-male competition, as well as the sperm-competition. Breeding of frogs can be classified as explosive or prolonged. Clutches of eggs are being laid by females into water or foam nests. In some cases the male takes part in taking care of the clutch, nest building, or they steal other clutches. In conclusion, it is discussed whether there is a connection between specific reproductive strategies and levels of sperm competition. Key words: amplexus, clutch-piracy,...
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Faktory ovlivňující tvarovou stabilitu překližovaných výlisků v závodě TON Holešov
Měrka, Tadeáš
Final thesis reviews shaping stability and quality of bonding in production of plywoods mouldings in plant TON Holešov. It gives an overview of issue, the characteristic of laminated bonded materials, their production and application and specifies shaped laminated products. It evaluates selected types of mouldings and adhesives used for production of components sitting furniture. Tests selected physical and mechanical properties of plywood, moisture content, density, bending modulus of rupture, bending modulus of elasticity, strength of glue line a other factors influencing shaping stability of plywoods mouldings. Achieved results evaluates, statistically analyses and compares with available literature. On the basis of the results proposes measures to improve shaping stability plywoods mouldings in the plant.
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Sperm competition in frogs in relation to the reproductive strategy
Malečková, Vendulka ; Šandera, Martin (advisor) ; Hortová, Kateřina (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses the comparison of the various reproductive strategies of frogs and the degree of sperm competition. Frogs are ecologically important group inhabiting all continents except Antarctica and northern polar regions. Frogs have species-specific reproductive strategies. Most frogs have external fertilization, but there are exceptions (eg. Ascaphidae) with internal fertilization. Before mating occurs, male grips female - this is called amplexus. Amplexus is divided into several types according to the place of gripping the female, and there are exceptions that do not use amplexus. Even for them there is a complex behavior, in which the male directs the female to the eggs laying spot. Mating mostly occurs in water. Frogs are polyandrous, meaning that one female mates with multiple males. Such a system encourages the male-male competition, as well as the sperm-competition. Breeding of frogs can be classified as explosive or prolonged. Clutches of eggs are being laid by females into water or foam nests. In some cases the male takes part in taking care of the clutch, nest building, or they steal other clutches. In conclusion, it is discussed whether there is a connection between specific reproductive strategies and levels of sperm competition. Key words: amplexus, clutch-piracy,...
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The role of male external glands in sexual behaviour of insect
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Kotyková Varadínová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hanus, Robert (referee)
The body of some insect's males is covered by glands, which females are interested in during or after courtship and copulation. Female can palpate this glands or feed on their secretion. My bachelor thesis describes these glands in five orders of insect, where they are known: Zygentoma, Zoraptera, Coleoptera and especially Orthoptera and Blattodea. In the introduction i describe briefly their histology, morphology and ontogeny. But the main part of the work deal with their ethological and ecological function. This glands have four main functions. They can serve to maneuver female into proper position and allow the male to clasp her genitalia. Another function is prolonging of copulation, which enable the male to transfer more sperm. Glands can also provide nutritious secret, through it the male directly affects the female fitness. The last function is simple signal of male quality, which through the production of secret demonstrates his good condition. The role of the glands is often uncertain and their functions are often overlaping.
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Behaviour and acoustic communication in Egyptian fruit bat
Vašíčková, Pavla ; Jahelková, Helena (advisor) ; Karadžos, Alexis (referee)
Egyptian fruit bats were observed in Prague Zoo, where stable conditions are provided (year-round food supply, stable temperature and roosts). The colony has bimodal breeding cycle. Births are synchronized and occur on the turn of April and May and in September. The mating occurs throughout the year but there is an increase during lactation and in the period outside parturitions. There is no obvious pattern in cluster dynamics. Bats roost in four clusters (left, middle, upper right and lower right). The presence of clusters throughout the year is stable except upper right cluster. There are changes in the number of clusters and in the number of individuals inside each cluster. Fruit bats occupy approximately the same spots in clusters, however young individuals show the highest variability. An autogrooming is balanced throughout the year, there is no regular pattern in the observation period and even no increase after artificial twilight. From these activities a licking of wing membranes and fur are the most often. The mother cares for her young especially during lactation and weaning, while the care decreases with a development of the young. This is especially true for the licking of the wing membranes. An allogrooming is the most common between male and female during lactation and in the period...
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Technologický postup výroby pařených sýrů
Skýpalová, Veronika
This bachelor thesis deals with pasta filata cheese. In the introduction, it is briefly outlined the history of cheese including the group of pasta filata cheese since ancient times. Then there is also described milk and its characteristic component which is important for the production of cheese. The fundamental part of the thesis is the description of the production of cheese itself and used technological procedures, both in general and with focusing on pasta filata cheese. As a part of the thesis there are also requirements for raw materials, without which it could not be possible to produce high-quality cheese. In the conclusion, it is described the assortment of pasta filata cheese available both in the Czech Republic and in other European countries.
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Study of the reproductive biology of the crayfish - mating, laying eggs and morphological structure of the male and female gametes
KUBEC, Jan
In the nature, crayfish are represented like predators or a part of food base of some fish. Also in free waters they acts as detrivors and are an important element in the nutrient and energy circle in aquatic ecosystem. The crayfish weren't able to avoid negative impacts of anthropogenic activities such as water pollution and devastation of habitats. For these reasons reproduction of the crayfish is necessary in hatcheries and farms. The main aim of my work was to study the reproductive biology of the crayfish focused on the process of mating, the interval between mating and laying eggs, fertilization and morphological structure of the male and female gametes. Among the secondary objectives there was included using of repeated electrostimulation of the crayfish and the possibility of hybrids of the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) and the narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). The observation of the period of reproduction was realized on representativies of the noble crayfish and the narrow-clawed crayfish throughout natural mating in the tanks. The structure of gametes was observed on the samples taken from thenoble crayfish (Astacus astacus), the narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus), the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and spinycheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus). The experiments were carried out during the autumn season in 2012 and 2013. The results of observations of the reproduction of crayfish made us clear as for the period and intervals for all phases of the process of mating crayfish. For females the noble crayfish and the narrow-clawed crayfish was found oviposition without the presence of males. Their individual components have been described by using ultrastructure of males and female gametes. Repeated electrostimulation showed at the family Astacidae as a suitable tool for collecting large mass of sperm material. Hybridization experiment proved that it can occur to mate the two species of crayfish in areas where they occur simultaneously. These experiments helped to further knowledge of reproductive biology of crayfish.
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Factors regulating the expression and activity of digestive enzymes in the tick \kur{Ixodes ricinus}
KONVIČKOVÁ, Jitka
The intracellular proteolysis of ingested meal plays an essential role in tick development. The thesis focuses on the factors influencing the expressions and activities of digestive enzymes in Ixodes ricinus females during the feeding and post-feeding period. We have revealed the effect of fertilization on blood feeding and digestion. The females cannot reach the rapid engorgement phase without being fertilized. The rate of mated females in the nature proved the presumption that mating can occur even off the host. Implementation of in vitro feeding technique further extended our current knowledge about tick digestive apparatus. Adult females were fed on hemoglobin-rich and hemoglobin-poor diet and the mRNA expression levels of digestive proteases were determined. In line with obtained data, we assumed that albuminolysis is conducted by the same or similar pathway as hemoglobinolysis. The gene silencing method and protein immuno-detection were used to unequivocally identify the isoforms of 'early expressed' IrCL1 and 'late expressed' IrCL3 isoform of cathepsin L.
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