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Determination of organic compounds in biochar produced by microwave torrefaction of biomass
Meindl, Jiří ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The thesis is focused on a determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in dried pelletized sewage sludge and pelletized biochar. Biochars were made in mild conditions by microwave torrefaction of prepared sewage sludge. There were analyzed and quantified the 34 of standardized PAHs compounds in two series. The first serie, also called “Sada 1”, has been aimed at comparison of extraction methods for the chosen sample of sewage sludge and the sample of biochar. In serie “Sada 1”, there were compared efficiencies of chosen type of solvent or solvent mixture by comparison of yields for 34 standardized analytes in a sample of biochar and a sample of sewage sludge. There were compared also to total yields of PAHs and to number of quantified compounds in analyzed samples. The most reliable extraction method has been used for the next analyses of samples in the second serie called “Sada 2”. In Sada 2, there were compared different samples of the same type (e.g. biochar, sludge). The origin of sewage sludge (small or big sewage treatment plant expressed as PE) and used additives (cellulose, chaff, hay) as modificators for torrefaction process were variables for different type of sample. The results of analysis were identification of the most suitable sewage sludge and additive to be used as modificator for microwave torrefaction process. The main goal of correctly chosen sludge and additive was to minimize production of PAH’s during torrefaction and in samples of biochar.
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Determination of organic compounds in biochar produced by microwave torrefaction of biomass
Meindl, Jiří ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The thesis is focused on a determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in dried pelletized sewage sludge and pelletized biochar. Biochars were made in mild conditions by microwave torrefaction of prepared sewage sludge. There were analyzed and quantified the 34 of standardized PAHs compounds in two series. The first serie, also called “Sada 1”, has been aimed at comparison of extraction methods for the chosen sample of sewage sludge and the sample of biochar. In serie “Sada 1”, there were compared efficiencies of chosen type of solvent or solvent mixture by comparison of yields for 34 standardized analytes in a sample of biochar and a sample of sewage sludge. There were compared also to total yields of PAHs and to number of quantified compounds in analyzed samples. The most reliable extraction method has been used for the next analyses of samples in the second serie called “Sada 2”. In Sada 2, there were compared different samples of the same type (e.g. biochar, sludge). The origin of sewage sludge (small or big sewage treatment plant expressed as PE) and used additives (cellulose, chaff, hay) as modificators for torrefaction process were variables for different type of sample. The results of analysis were identification of the most suitable sewage sludge and additive to be used as modificator for microwave torrefaction process. The main goal of correctly chosen sludge and additive was to minimize production of PAH’s during torrefaction and in samples of biochar.
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New Methods of Oxygen Removal from Analyzed Solutions in Voltammetric Determination of Organic Compounds
Batěk, Jan ; Vyskočil, Vlastimil (advisor) ; Schwarzová, Karolina (referee)
The aim of this Bachelor Thesis was to verify new methods of oxygen removal from analyzed solutions in voltammetric determination of organic compounds. A method of chemical reduction was chosen to remove dissolved oxygen. Carbohydrazide, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine and 2-butanone oxime were used for removal of dissolved oxygen. These substances are used to remove oxygen from boiler systems. The last agent used to remove oxygen was sodium sulfite. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to monitored the ability of oxygen scavengers. The effect of pH of the solution (Britton-Robinson buffer) on oxygen removal was also investigated. A solution of 4-nitrophenol at a concentration of 1∙10−4 mol∙l−1 was used as a model substance in these assays. We have found that carbohydrazide had no effect to remove oxygen in the whole pH range. Using sodium sulphite, oxygen was removed from the analyzed solution at pH 8, 10 and 12. Determination of 4-nitrophenol was thus possible. Using N,N-diethylhydroxylamine at pH 10 and 12 and 2-butanone oxime at pH 8, 10 and 12, oxygen was removed from the analyzed solutions. However, these substances are unsuitable for the determination of 4-nitrophenol.
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