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Vliv chloridazonu na raná vývojová stádia raka mramorovaného
ŘEHOŘEK, Martin
The main objective of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate the influence of chloridazon on the early growing stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). The influence of chloridazon is assessed using various factors such as biomarkers of oxidative stress, growth, mortality, ontogenetic development, and crayfish behaviour. The acquired results from this research will extend the current knowledge and data on the influence of chloridazon on crayfish and on water ecosystems.
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Vliv metazachloru a jeho metabolitu metazachloru OA na raná vývojová stádia raka mramorovaného
ZÁVORKA, Milan
Metazachlor is a selective herbicide used for controlling monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in oilseed rape and other cruciferous plants. It is mainly used as a pre-emergence herbicide. Metazachlor OA is one of the major degradation products of metazachlor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metazachlor and its major metabolite metazachlor OA on the early live stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). The effect of metazachlor and metazachlor OA was evaluated on the basis of behaviour, growth, biomarker of oxidative stress, antioxidant biomarkers, ontogenetic development and occurrence of morphological anomalies. The toxicity test was performed at five concentrations, two concentrations of metazachlor (3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l) and two concentrations of metazachlor OA (3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l) and one control (C). The test exposure was 40 days under defined laboratory conditions. The exposure of metazachlor and metazachlor OA at all tested concentrations caused statistically significantly higher mortality, delayed ontogenetic development and slower growth of crayfish. Metazachlor exposure in concentration 22 micrograms/l and metazachlor OA in concentrations 3.2 micrograms/l and 22 micrograms/l caused statistically significant reduction of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GSH) levels in whole-body crayfish homogenate. Metazachlor OA showed a more pronounced adverse effect on the early live stages of marbled crayfish than its parent compound, metazachlor. Based on the results of this study we can point out the suitability of crayfish, especially their early live stages for toxicity tests and the possibilities of their use for biomonitoring of aquatic environment herbicides and their metabolites.
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Human gut microbiome: Origin, ontogenetic development, diversity and its use in anthropology
Dvořáková, Barbora ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Schierová, Dagmar (referee)
Human gut microbiome is a broad term encompassing all microorganismal life inhabiting the human gut. The bacteria living in the human gut represents the largest group of the human microbiome, make up the significant percentage of the human cellular composition and their genomes comprise a big part of the human genome. Gut microbiome has a significant role in human health and changes throughout the human life in reaction e.g. to change of diet and medical drug usage. This work pursues the acquisition and development of gut microbiome, the factors influencing its formation and diversity, and its use in anthropology.
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Human gut microbiome: Origin, ontogenetic development, diversity and its use in anthropology
Dvořáková, Barbora ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Schierová, Dagmar (referee)
Human gut microbiome is a broad term encompassing all microorganismal life inhabiting the human gut. The bacteria living in the human gut represents the largest group of the human microbiome, make up the significant percentage of the human cellular composition and their genomes comprise a big part of the human genome. Gut microbiome has a significant role in human health and changes throughout the human life in reaction e.g. to change of diet and medical drug usage. This work pursues the acquisition and development of gut microbiome, the factors influencing its formation and diversity, and its use in anthropology.
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Vliv herbicidu s-metolachloru na raná vývojová stádia raka mramorovaného
MATERNA, Jan
S-metolachlor is a substance belonging to the group of herbicides, widely used in agriculture to protect crops. This substance with the chemical composition C15H22CINO2 and is used as the pre-emergent herbicides to control unwanted weeds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of s-metolachlor on mortality, behavior, growth, ontogenetic development, oxidative stress level and activity of antioxidant enzymes of early developmental stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). The effect of s-metolachlor was evaluated on the basis of embryo-larval toxicity test. Early developmental stages of crayfish were exposed to three concentrations of s-metolachlor, 1.1 micrograms/l, 11 micrograms/l and 110 micrograms/l for 45 days. All tested concentrations significant showed higher mortality, delay of ontogenetic development, lower growth and changes in behavior (total movement distance and movement speed). Moreover, significant decrease in catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase concentration, and reduced glutathione levels at the two higher test concentrations (11 micrograms/l and 110 micrograms/l) of s-metolachlor were observed. No significant changes in oxidative damage (TBARS levels) were observed in all the tested groups. Based on the results of this study, early developmental stages of marbled crayfish can be recommended as suitable organisms for toxicity test and their use for biomonitoring of the aquatic environment by herbicides.
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Vliv triazinových pesticidů a jejich metabolitů na necílové vodní organizmy
KOUTNIK, Dalibor
Pesticides used in agro-ecosystems and forests enter aquatic environments such as streams, rivers, and lakes if applied in adjacent areas or if an accidental spill occurs. For the studies, we chose the early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). In selected organisms, we observed long-term effect of triazine herbicides (prometryne, terbuthylazine, metribuzine) and their metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) in concentrations commonly occurring in Czech rivers. The first part is about monitoring the effects of triazines (prometryne, terbuthylazine) on the early development stages of carp and marble crayfish. Subchronic prometryne exposure of early-life stages of common carp at concentrations of 1 200 and 4 000 ?g/L affected their survival, growth rate, early ontogeny, and histology. Terbuthylazine in concentration 1 400 and 3 000 ?g/L caused significant decrease of mass, total length, delayed in development and cause of alternation of tubular system of caudal kidney of carp. Prometryne in concentration 144, 1 444 and 4 320 ?g/L caused decrease of weight, specific growth rates and caused histopathological changes in gill of crayfish. Moreover concentration 4 320 ?g/L of prometryne caused delay in ontogenetic development of crayfish. Second part of the work has included effects of low concentrations of metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) on the early development stages of carp and marble crayfish. Chronic terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure in concentrations 180, 900, and 1 800 ?g/L affected growth, ontogenetic development, and the antioxidant system and caused pathological changes in the caudal kidney of early life stages of carp. Chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations 2.9, 70, 1 400 and 3 500 ?g/L caused decreased of total superoxide dismutase activity of early life stages of carp. Moreover concentration 1 400 and 3 500 ?g/L of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy caused delay in ontogenetic development and pathological changes in the caudal kidney of carp. Chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations up 75 ?g/l affected growth, ontogenetic development, antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and pathological changes in hepatopancreas of early life stages of marbled crayfish. The last part of our study examined the effect of metribuzine on signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana). Crayfish were exposed to metribuzine concentrations of 0.52 ?g/L and 3.06 mg/L for 30 days and a 30-day depuration period. In the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were observed differences in all examined tissues (gill, muscle, hepatopancreas) compared to the control group. Differences from control were observed in glutathione reductase activity in hepatopancreas after 10 days for both exposure concentrations and after 30 days at 3.06 mg/L. Histological examination revealed extensive focal autolytic disintegration of tubular epithelium in hepatopancreas of crayfish exposed to metribuzin. These studies provided important results for the evaluation of long-term impact and effect of (prometryne, terbuthylazine and metribuzine) and their metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) on the water non-target organisms, even in real concentrations founded in surface waters.
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Monitoring of the language barrier in preschool skiing courses
HELLUSOVÁ, Eliška
The objective of this thesis is to determine the influence of the language barrier on the proceedings of preschool skiing courses. The theoretical part focuses on health, healthy living and exercise prescribed in the preschool curriculum. While describing preschool exercises we mention sports such as skiing to which a separate chapter is dedicated. In the practical part we monitor multiple preschool skiing courses and survey the eventual influence of the language barrier on several preselected tasks in the proceeding of the course.
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Postnatal development of GABAb-receptors in the frontal rat brain cortex
Kagan, Dmytro ; Svoboda, Petr (advisor) ; Langmeier, Miloš (referee) ; Mareš, Pavel (referee)
In this work, the detailed analysis of GABAB-R/G protein coupling in the course of pre- and postnatal development of rat brain cortex indicated the significant intrinsic efficacy of GABAB-receptors already shortly after the birth: at postnatal day 1 and 2. Subsequently, both baclofen and SKF97541-stimulated G protein activity, measured as the high-affinity [35 S]GTPγS binding, was increased. The highest level of agonist-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was detected at postnatal days 14 and 15. In older rats, the efficacy, i.e. the maximum response of baclofen- and SKF97541-stimulated [35 S]GTPγS binding was continuously decreased so, that the level in adult, 90-days old rats was not different from that in newborn animals. The potency of G protein response to baclofen stimulation, characterized by EC50 values, was also high at birth but unchanged by further development. The individual variance among the agonists was observed in this respect, as the potency of SKF97541 response was decreased when compared in 2-days old and adult rats. The highest plasma membrane density of GABAB-R, determined by saturation binding assay with specific antagonist [3 H]CGP54626AA, was observed in 1-day old animals. The further development was reflected in decrease of receptor number. The adult level was ≈3- fold lower than...
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Ontogenetic development of sexual dimorphism of the human face
Dadáková, Martina ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Cagáňová, Veronika (referee)
Sexual dimorphism is one of the basic features of the human facial variability. It is especially important when recognizing an individual, also in plastic and reconstructive surgery. It is one of the most significant paleodemographic aspects and it affects for example mate choice too. Sexual dimorphism arises very early during the ontogeny; it is already present in prenatal development. After birth it increases and develops due to contribution of various factors. Dimorphism is established mostly over the periods of childhood and adolescence, but it is possible to observe at least minor changes in the course of the whole life of an individual. Although different parts and structures of the craniofacial complex interact during their growth, they are to some degree independent from each other. That is why the sexual dimorphism can develop in them with different timing. This thesis summarizes the basic aspects of sexual dimorphism of human face during ontogeny together with the factors which are believed to cause this dimorphism.
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The effect of pyrethroid based pesticides on fish
RICHTEROVÁ, Zuzana
Pyrethroids are ones of the most used pesticides worldwides. The widespread use and high stability of pyrethroids lead to the assumption of that their occurrence in the environment could be quite frequent. They can reach water ecosystem as pollutants. Residues of pyrethroids are not only detected in the water column, but also in sediments and in fish tissues. The first study was devoted to the product Nexide containing 60 g.l-1 of active substance gamma-cyhalothrin. Tested Nexide concentrations were 5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 µg.l-1. Early life stage test was used.Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested. There were significant mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest concentration tested 5 µg.l-1 only caused a slightly increased mortality. This lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively, decelerated ontogenetic development, and made the body surface of the individuals darker. Histopathology of individuals from this concentration revealed dystrophy in liver. Examination of kidney, intestine and gills did not show significant histopathological differences compared with control. The evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated a significantly higher activity of detoxification enzyme glutathione-S.transferase (GST) and a significantly lower activity of defensive enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared with the control group. The other examined parameters of oxidative stress such as catalase (CAT), glutation reductase (GR), and lipid peroxidation determined by using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) were comparable to the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Nexide in the given concentration leads to dysbalance of defensive enzymes. The second study was devoted to the product Cyperkill 25 EC containing 250 g.l-1. Tested Cyperkill 25 EC concentrations were 7.2, 36, 72, 144, and 360 µg.l-1. The procedure of the trial was the same as the preceded one. There were 100% mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest tested concentration 7.2 µg.l-1 allowed 90% of individuals to stay alive till the end of experiment. The lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively and decelerated ontogenetic development compared with the control. Any individual exposed to this concentration did not reach juvenile stage until the end of the trial. Dark pigmentation was visible in 68% of these exposed individuals on the last day. Similar darkening was visible in individuals from higher concentrations shortly before death too. Histological examination did not revealed significant changes in intestine, liver, kidney, and gills compared with the control group. Evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated significantly lower activities of GST, GR, and GPx. Activities of CAT and TBARS were comparable with the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Cyperkill 25 EC in the given concentration could induce oxidative stress and interfere with the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The presented thesis summarises actual data about pyrethroids and their influence on fish. The demonstrated effects confirm high susceptibility of early developmental stages of fish to tested pesticides. When interpreting the results, we have to take into account the fact that studies showed this risk even on single pyrethroid substances. But water organisms are exposed to many other more or less toxic products and substances in a real environment. These xenobiotics could react with each other and their mixture could even potentiate negative effects. The performed studies also clearly show the significant differences in the sensitivity of embryonic and embryolarval tests.
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