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A patient after a diagnostic application of radiopharmaceuticals as a source of radiation - mutual radiation strain of the personnel and patients
MARKOVÁ, Iveta
ABSTRACT A patient after a diagnostic application of radiopharmaceuticals as a source of radiation - mutual radiation strain of the personnel and patients My work focuses on the radiation protection on account of the potential influence of ionizing radiation with its negative effects on a human organism. In my work I concentrated on observing the obtained personal equivalent doses of the ionizing radiation in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. I also focused on the measurement and assessment of the dose rate obtained by the employees of the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. from treated patients with regard to the distance and type of the applied radiopharmaceutical. The methods chosen for the actual measuring, gathering, recording and assessment of the data are described in a great detail and presented in the methodology of my work. The data obtained from the personal TL dosimeters is registered and filed in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. on a long term basis. Therefore it enabled me to analyze the equivalent dose of four nurses during the last five years. The results were compared with the figures determined in the regulation 307/2002 of the Code, as amended by regulation 499/2005 of the Code. The results are then clearly presented in tables and graphs. The collected data has confirmed that the values of equivalent doses obtained from the personal TL dosimeters of four nurses working in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. do not exceed figures determined by the regulation 307/2002 of the Code, as amended by regulation 499/2005 of the Code. The measured dose rates decrease with the distance and are proportional to the activity and type of radiopharmaceutical.
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Daily test of the AXIS scintigraphic camera quality in the Nuclear Medicine Department in Pribram as an indicator of the apparatus stability for the last 5 years
HEFKA, Pavel
Daily test of the AXIS scintigraphic camera quality in the Nuclear Medicine Department in Pribram as an indicator of the apparatus stability for the last 5 years This Thesis is devoted to the choice of the most suitable routine check of the AXIS scintigraphic camera in the Nuclear Medicine Department in Pribram. In my Thesis I focused on the analysis of the recommended procedures and choice of the method, which during the routine operation of nuclear medicine will sufficiently prove the quality of the preparation of the apparatus for the examination and is not very time-consuming. The result of such an optimization analysis is the check procedure of the internal image homogeneity, which fully respects SÚJB recommendations and procedures recommended by the producer of the AXIS scintigraphic camera. Performance of the chosen method is described in detail and the method of the recording, acquisition and evaluation of the acquired data is presented. Checking of the AXIS apparatus in the described way has been performed in the Nuclear Medicine Department in Pribram for a long time. It enabled me to make an analysis of the long-term stability of the apparatus for the last 5 years. Acquired results have been compared with information given by the producer and results of the similar device in the Czech Republic. For clarity purposes the presentation of the recorded data and acquired results is arranged in tables and graphs. Collected data confirmed that the homogeneity values measured by means of the point source correspond well to the data stated for this apparatus by the producer. This has also confirmed my hypothesis on the correct choice of the method for testing the homogeneity by means of the point source. Therefore it is possible to state that the AXIS gamma camera with the supplement for the detection of positron emitters is stable and it is possible to apply it in the routine clinical operation even after 10 years of use provided that the good service care is ensured.
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The Sacroiliac Joint Ratio. Determination of Normal Values.
MAŘÍK, Karel
Indices SI joint. Determination of normal values. The present thesis aims to establish normal values in adults without any pathological changes in the SI joint, LS spine and pelvis who are examined at the whole-body bone scintigraphy in the Department of Nuclear Medicine Hospital in Czech Budejovice. The SI joint is examined in patients with suspected inflammation in focusing on the joint activity with the whole-body scintigraphy of the skeleton. Then, using the ROI ratio, the ratio of the activity in the SI joint activity and the sacrum or L spine is calculated. The first hypothesis assumes that people without any pathology changes of the SI joint belong to the range of 1,0?1,4. To determine the normal values, a reference file was created based on data of people whose whole body scintigram showed no pathology in the LS spine and SI joint and without any clinical suspicions of SI joint inflammation. The people selected for this research had not suffered from Bechterew?s disease, pelvic trauma and LS spine, bearing altered bone metabolism in the LS spine or pelvis. Their age at the examination time ranged from 25 to 45 years. Applying the ROI technology, values were obtained from the areas of the right and left SI joint, from the L4 and os.sakrum to verify the second hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that in order to determinate normal values in the SI joint it is better to make a comparison using os.sakrum than L4. Applying statistical calculations, normal values of the SI joint are determined from these areas. The values will assist in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of spine in patients who are examined at the scintigraphy in the Department of Nuclear Medicine Hospital in Czech Budejovice.
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Factor Analysis of Scintigraphic Image Sequences with Integrated Probabilistic Mask of Factor Images
Tichý, Ondřej
Factor analysis is a well established mathematical method for factor separation in the analysis of scintigraphical sequences. The results are typically an input to the next step, e.g. factor analysis for computing significant diagnostic coefficients. However, this computing highly depends on proper identification of factors and their biological meaning, which is not ensure only by factor analysis. The main issue is separation overlaping factors from themselves and from tissue background covering the whole sequence. Factor analysis highly depends on prior information which allows us to set biologically reasonable conditions to a mathematical model. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model which estimates the probability mask of each image factor and sets it as a prior information for the next step of iterative algorithm based on Variational Bayes method. The new proposed model provides more realistic estimates of factors than the standard factor analysis.
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Health and safety at work with sources of ionizing radiation in healthcare
Pěnková, Jana ; Spirit, Michal (advisor) ; Soušková, Milena (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse health and safety system in department of nuclear medicine in Kolín hospital and evaluate its compliance with czech legislation. The thesis is compsed of four chapters. Chapter One gives a general introduction to health and safety issues and describes most important aspect of general health and safety legislation. Chapter Two explains the basic terms of ionizing radiation and radioactivity and focuses mainly on radiation protection, which is closely linked to the health and safety area. Chapter Three defines the legislative and institutional framework of health and safety in the area of ionizing radiation. This chapter is a starting point for Chapter Four, which analyzes the health and safety system in department of nuclear medicine in Kolín hospital, compares it with legislation requirements and evaluates the compliance.
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Staff radiation exposure in application of the PET-CT method
BERTOVÁ, Eva
In my Bachelor-of Science work I have studied the issue of the PET-CT method application and its influence on the radiation exposure of nuclear medicine department staff at Faculty Hospital in Lochotín in Plzeň (FN Plzeň-Lochotín). In the opening chapter, the origin and recent developments in the nuclear medicine is reviewed with special focus on the PET history in the world, the physical principles of PET and the first installations of PET and PET-CT in Czech Republic and FN Plzeň-Lochotín. Then the issue of radiation protection is taken up including its history, the recent status including the relevant legal regulations, the basic principles of radiation protection, the physical methods of protection, exposure monitoring programmes and protection against radiation at the PET-CT section of nuclear medicine department of FN Plzeň-Lochotín. The reason why I chose this subject is the high energy radiation associated with PET-CT requiring special measures to ensure staff protection. The target of this work is comparison of the radiation exposure of the nuclear medicine department staff prior to and following introduction of the PET-CT method and verification of the organisation changes and radiation protection measures adopted. In practical part of my work I compared the values of personal dose equivalents Hp (10) detected with the department staff prior to and following the PET-CT method implementation. The values are shown in tables and graphs. The monthly dose equivalent values detected prior to and following the PET-CT equipment installation have been compared using the statistical method of double sample t-test. The conclusions of this study have been used to verify the efficiency of the radiation protection measures adopted at FN Plzeň-Lochotín, and to compare the status of affairs in Plzeň with those in the Nuclear Medicine Clinic of Medical Faculty and Faculty Hospital in Olomouc and at the PET Centre of the Na Homolce hospital in Prague.
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Dose measuring during laboratory works in the workplace of nuclear medicine by the help of personal dozimeters.
RUSINOVÁ, Jana
One of the most important tasks of the radiation protection is to monitor the amount of external radiation in people who are during their working hours exposed to sources of ionizing radiation.To measure the amount of radiation received by the workers a special device is used {--} the dosimeter.At the department of nuclear medicine in the České Budějovice Hospital, B.Němcové 584/54, České Budějovice, thermoluminiscence dosimeters are used in practice for this purpose. In this work, I compared the data obtained by a thermoluminiscence dosimeter and the DMC 2000 XB personal electronic dosimeter made by the Merlin Gerin company. Based on the results of this comparison, it was my task to determine which of the two dosimeters shows more precision and efficiency and therefore would be more suitable for further use in nuclear medicine.
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Lymphoscintigraphy {--} the posibility of detection of sentinel lymph node
SVOBODOVÁ, Petra
At present, sentinel node identification through the use of lymphoscintigraphy is one of the standard methods of tumor diagnosis and treatment. The most frequent indications for the sentinel node are breast cancer and malignant melanoma. Lymphoscintigraphy is a noninvasive method enabling imaging lymph flow from the injection site through lymphatic vessels via catchment nodes onwards. In fact, the sentinel node detection method is just a specialized part of the general lymphoscintigraphy. The objective of this thesis was to assess sentinel lymph nodes imaging using lymphoscintigraphy and using agamasonde. I made up a group of 77 patients from the Regional Hospital Kolín as a research sample that underwent the sentinel lymph node detection in the nuclear medicine department. In the cases of breast cancer, the sentinel lymph node was imaged in 95% by using lymphoscintigraphy. Without the possibility of using the gamasonde measurement that figure would be 91%. By combining the both methods the reliability of detection is increased.
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Confrontation of radiation dose of professional in nuclear medicine department in Hradec Králové before and after installation PET/CT, possibilities of monitoring
JANSOVÁ, Martina
This Bachelor Thesis deals with the radiation load of Nuclear Medicine employees of University Hospital Hradec Králové before and after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. Compared with usual examinations with gamma emitters and therapy with open beta emitters, the PET/CT examination method uses positron emitters and is carried out at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of University Hospital Hradec Králové (DNM UHHK). The use of positron emitters leads to increased demand in respect of radiation protection and work organisation. I made an evaluation of doses from personal dosimetry from 2004 until 2008 prior to the introduction of the PET/CT examination methodology; and year 2009 is subsequently assessed in respect of the situation after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. The results of doses are provided in tables. Film dosimeters and thermoluminescence (TL) ring dosimeters had been used for personal dosimetry until 2008. Digital dosimeters have been also used for personal dosimetry since 2009, and they are further included in the comparison of the received radiation doses of employees. The results were used for an evaluation of optimisation of radiation protection at the DNM UHHK.
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Small bowel´s examination methods
NAGY, Markéta
Imaging methods play an essential role in the diagnostic algorithm by determining the disease character in any part of the human body. For the diagnostic small intestine diseases we use as classic X-ray methods as modern modalities. In introduce I mention history, morphology and physiology of small intestine. Than I describe summary about X-ray and non X-ray examination methods of small intestine (from basic methods to those special). Among basic examination methods of small intestine belong for example X-ray of abdomen, ultrasonography, passage throw small intestine and enteroclyse. Special examinations are CT enteroclyse, nuclear medicine examination, MR enteroclyse, angiography, enteroscopy and capsle endoscopy (CE). After compendium indications, contraindications, contrast agents and preparation patient for examination, in the finish of my work I worked up a collection of patient which were examined between the years 2002 {--} 2006 on our clinic {--} Institut of clinical and experimental medicine (IKEM), in Prague.
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