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COVID-19 and kidney diseases
Stanovský, Samuel ; Čertíková-Chábová, Věra (advisor) ; Zahrádka, Ivan (referee)
In clinical practice, SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and COVID-19 disease are mainly associated with dominant respiratory disorders of varying severity, from minor events such as upper respiratory tract infections to life-threatening respiratory failure. However, COVID-19 can not only be seen as a respiratory infection, but the possibility of systemic involvement should also be considered. One of the internal organs that can be directly affected by the virus is the kidneys. Renal damage from the SARS-CoV-2 virus can occur in completely intact kidneys or can affect kidneys with pre-existing nephropathy. In addition, patients with manifest renal disease are considered at higher risk for the COVID-19 than healthy population due to the often-significant immunosuppressive pharmacotherapy that might be a part of various nephropathy treatment regimens.
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Knowledge of kidney function and disease in upper elementary school pupils of selected elementary schools
Kučerová, Petra ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Váchová, Alena (referee)
The dissertation entitled Knowledge of kidney function and disease in upper elementary school pupils of selected elementary schools focuses on what knowledge of kidneys and kidney disease among pupils of selected elementary schools. The objective of the thesis is to show what knowledge pupils of the final two grades of selected elementary schools have about the structure and function of the kidneys as well as kidney disease and the possibilities of disease prevention, namely in terms of a suitable lifestyle and exercise. The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on the description of the structure and function of the kidneys, kidney diseases and their treatment options, as well as the development of dialysis treatment since 2015 and assumptions about the success of the treatment. Importantly, it examines the Framework Educational Programme for elementary education, where the focus is on areas related to the topic of kidneys and their health. The practical part consists of an analysis of the answers of selected elementary school students to the questions in a questionnaire which contains questions focused on knowledge about kidney structure and function, possible risks to kidney health, the influence of diet and drinking habits on kidney health, and about disease prevention. Following from...
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The patient healing hemodialysis at home by the paramedic´s perspective
KŘIVÁNEK, Martin
This bachelor's thesis focuses on the issue of domestic haemodialysis with special attention to the role of paramedics in dealing with acute problems associated with this procedure. The work is intended as theoretical, without the author´s own research. It aims at reviewing treatment options for kidney failure, describing the principle of home haemodialysis, its benefits and disadvantages for patients and their families. Special attention is paid both to potential risks brought about by this method of dialysing blood and to ways of addressing the complications from the perspective of pre-hospital care. To achieve its goals, the work outlines and compares current attitudes towards these issues both in this country and abroad. Its introductory part summarizes the structure and functions of kidneys, the most frequent causes of renal diseases as well as their possible therapies. Further on, it introduces in greater details both general and specific procedures applied by emergency medical squads in case of complications during domestic haemodialysis. The main scientific contribution of the work consists in the very synthesis of the present knowledge and methods of treatment and - at the same time - in defining the so far unresolved issues. The part of the thesis devoted to home haemodialysis, which still represents a relatively rarely used method, underlines particularly the fact that emergency medical procedures responding to specific complications connected with this treatment have not been sufficiently defined yet. The thesis therefore comes to the conclusion that paramedics facing acute problems associated with domestic haemodialysis have to rely mainly on general procedures determined for providing pre-hospital care. That is why this field still remains open for further theoretical research. Detailed potential practical steps aimed specifically at complications during home haemodialysis are in demand as well.
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Diagnosis and treatment of glomerulonephritis in children
Šejvlová, Barbora ; Nejmanová, Iveta (advisor) ; Kudláčková, Zděnka (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Author: Barbora Šejvlová Leader: PharmDr. Iveta Nejmanová, Ph.D Form: Bachelor thesis Field of study: Medical Laboratory Technician Title: Diagnosis and treatment of glomerulonephritis in children Aim of the work: The aim of this theses is to present current examination methods for kidney disease and to describe in more detail the types of glomerulonephritis. A part of the work is also a case report of teenage girl who suffered from glomerulonephritis. Main findings: The thesis is divided into 5 parts. The first part contains information about the anatomy of the kidneys, the physiology of the kidneys and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. The second part deals with all possible examination methods in nephrology. The chapter describes the examination of urine, which is further divided into the technique of sample acquisition, diuresis, techniques of sample examination, proteinuria and hematuria. In this chapter we will focus on ultrasonography, immunology and renal biopsy too. In the third part we will get acquainted with acute glomerulonephritis. We will discuss rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis in the fourth part. The last chapter is devoted to chronic glomerulonephritis....
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Nutrition of dialysis patient
BOHÁČOVÁ, Kristýna
Bachelor thesis "The Diet of Dialyzed Patients" deals with the nutrition of patients, who regularly receive the dialysis treatment. The aim of this work is to map the awareness of a diet regime and patients' compliance with it. The theoretical part describes the anatomy and physiology of kidneys, then it mentions the kidney failure and the elimination methods. Most of the space in this part is given to the nutrition, where the basic nutrients, vitamins and minerals are described. Their amount is specific for the dialyzed patients. The end of this part is aimed at suitable and unsuitable foodstuffs for dialyzed patients. The practical part uses the quantitative method of structured questionnaire, which contains 34 questions. 30 respondents, who regularly receive the dialysis treatment, participated in it. The results of the research showed that 17 out of 30 patients adhere to the diet measures for dialyzed patients. 57% is not a satisfying result given the availability of the education nowadays. The reason for this result might be that the respondents were not informed about the diet regime from a nutritional therapist. The work suggests the presence of a nutritional therapist for regular check-ups and so-called big blood samples that are done once a month to check the amount of minerals and other substances. Nutritional therapist could then decide, which substances are abundant or deficient, and they could then suggest an adjustment of the patient's diet.
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New diets for patients on dialysis
Kubíková, Kristýna ; Matějková, Miroslava (advisor) ; Zakiyanov, Oskar (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on new diets for dialysis patients. The aim is to create a new dietary regime system that meets the dietary requirements during dialysis treatment and also make the work of nutritional therapists easier. The old system was based on "common rational diet no. 3" and the food was selected individualy for every patient in order to avoid unsuitable meals in the dietary regime. This system was rather time consuming and the nutritional values did not meet the requirements of a dialysis diet. The anatomy and physiology emphasis is placed especially on chronic renal insufficiency. The privotal point of this chapter is the dialysis treatment and a description of dietotherapy in this stage of kidney failure. The practical part looks as the methodology of creating a new dietary regime. The result part compares the improvement in nutritional values with the original "rational diet no.3" and also looks at the methodology of creating new dietary regimes. The main research goal of the questionnare was to find out the patient's satisfaction with the new dialysis diet. Another goal was to discover the nutritional balance of individual dishes and the willingness to continue the diet after hospitalization. Finally, I would also like to mention that theoretically prepared dietary regime was put...
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The activity ratio of 30. minute/2.-3. minute in the Dynamic renal scintigraphy
KUKAČKOVÁ, Jana
The objective of the present Bachelor thesis is to determine normal values of the ratio of activity in the Region of Interest (ROI) of a healthy kidney in the 30th minute of the examination compared to the 2nd - 3 rd minutes in patients up to 18 years of age at the Nuclear Medicine Department in České Budějovice. For the purposes of comparison, values of the ratio of activity in ROI of the kidney in the 30th minute are compared with the peak in the same patients. Dynamic kidney scintigraphy with 99mTc-MAG3, generally modified by a furosemide test, is carried out in case of child patients with respect to whom simple dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system must be distinguished from obstruction. A set of 35 patients at the age of 0-18 was selected for the purposes of statistical processing in the period from 01 January 2018 to 13 November 2018, whereupon these patients underwent dynamic kidney scintigraphy with 99mTc-MAG3. As a result, 47 usable renal units were obtained. Renal units with pathological findings were removed from the set. In these renal units, the ratio of activity 30th min./3rd min. and the ratio 30th min./peak were observed. For comparison, the total of 4 selective statistical sets (VSS) were formed - a group of patients at the age of 0-18 and a more restricted group of patients at the age of 0-10 years for both ratios of activity. The collected data were subsequently used for parametric testing. The contribution of this thesis consists in the determination of normal values of the ratio of activity 30th minute/2nd - 3 rd minutes, which will be useful in differentiating mild dilatation from other pathological conditions (obstruction, reductions in function, etc.) in patients examined by dynamic kidney scintigraphy at the Nuclear Medicine Department in České Budějovice. The elementary static processing implies that normal values of the ratio of activity 30th min./3rd min. oscillate in the interval of values (0.058; 0.238) in patients up to 18 years of age, and in the interval (0,05; 0.27) in patients up to 10 years of age. For the sake of comparison, values of the ratio of activity 30th min./peak oscillate in the interval of values (0,026; 0.246) in patients up to 18 years of age, and in the interval (0.04; 0.26) in case of patients up to 10 years of age. It may be stated that values of ratios of activity 30th min./3rd min. and 30th min./peak are approximately comparable. Based on the applied double-selection t-test, the zero hypothesis was adopted, meaning that the selective statistical sets originate from the same basic statistical set on the given significance level.
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The nutrition of patients undergoing dialysis
MARTÍNKOVÁ, Barbora
The bachelor thesis "The nutrition of patients undergoing dialysis"(whose count is around 6000 in the Czech Republic), deals with the nutrition of patients who regularly undergo treatment by dialysis. The theoretical part focuses on the anatomy and physiology of kidneys. Moreover, the stages of kidney failure and the possibilities of compensation of the kidney function are discussed. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the thesis focuses on dietary measures by patients undergoing dialysis, suitable and unsuitable groceries and their technological adjustment. The aim of the thesis is to map out the awareness of the patients and their families about the diet of a patient undergoing dialysis and to evaluate the menus of the patients, mainly the presence of basic nutrients potassium, phosphor and calcium in their diets. The practical part of the thesis was carried out by qualitative research. Six respondents who are regularly treated by dialysis participated in the research. On the basis of the evaluation of weekly menu of each respondent and counting guideline daily amounts the result was very negative. All respondents have received less amount of energy then what was counted for them. The same applied for basic nutrients. A positive finding was, that all of the respondents have been successful in reducing potassium and most of them have been able to reduce phosphor. Only one respondent fitted in the recommended amount of calcium for patients undergoing dialysis. From the results is obvious, that only one respondent abides by dietary recommendations. Most of the patients couldn't say which groceries are suitable for them and which are not. Unfortunately, the cause of this is, that not one of the respondents listed a nutrition therapist as a source of dietary measures.
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Morphological characteristics of alterations in lungs in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
Vyskočilová, Martina ; Němečková, Ivana (advisor) ; Blažíčková, Kateřina (referee)
Bachelor thesis Morphological characteristics of alterations in lungs in a mouse model of atherosclerosis Author: Martina Vyskočilová Study course: Medical laboratory technician Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Background: Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease caused by deposition of blood lipids into the intima layer of blood vessels. Due to the fact that process of atherogenesis is associated with immune reactions, disease is considered as an inflammatory process. Atherosclerotic plaques rarely affect pulmonary arteries, where this condition is accompanied by an increase of pulmonary pressure, which is very likely the trigger of disease. Aim of this study is to find out whether there are morphological changes in the lungs of ApoE/LDLr-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, characteristic for pulmonary atherosclerosis, compared to lungs of healthy mice. Methods: Lungs of ApoE/LDLr-/- and healthy C57BL/6J control mice have been fixed in 4% neutral formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sliced into 4 μm thin sections. One of the sections has been stained with hematoxylin-eosin, the other one with green trichrome. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin is primary staining used for basic imaging of histological structure of tissues, staining with green trichrome is used for imaging...
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