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Herpesvirové infekce zvířat
Křižánková, Petra
This bachelor's thesis deals with important types of herpesvirus diseases in the main species of farm animals as well as in dogs and cats. It individually characterizes selected infections caused by these viruses in cattle, carp, horses, pigs, dogs, and cats. The thesis describes etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Furthermore, there is gived the status of occurrence of individual diseases in the Czech Republic. At the end of the thesis, is described case of herpesvirus diseases of German sheperd female.
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Rozvoj zooplanktonu v rybnících s produkcí rychlených stádií hospodářsky významných druhů ryb
PECHA, Oldřich
This master thesis was focused on zooplankton development in ponds with advanced fry rearing of economically important fish species. For the purpose of my study, we sampled pond cascade that is managed by Štičí líheň - ESOX, spol. s r.o. in the village Liderovice, near Tábor. In this particular pond cascade, the annual production of advanced fry of economically important fish species takes place, namely pike, pikeperch, carp, tench and grass carp. Importantly, pond cascade is used several times during one growing season, and zooplankton is the main food source of all early stages of rared fish. For the production of advanced fry of fish served 3 ponds, which were released and refilled 2-3 times a season. Fourth pond served as a control stocked with one year old carp throughout the whole season. The water from an upper pond in the cascade served as zooplankton inoculum to a lower pond after the pond harvesting. Statistical analyses showed that the fry of different fish species in ponds lying in the same cascade does not affect the composition of zooplankton after restocking and water refilling. The only difference we noticed was in the treatment with pikeperch, which partially does not share the food base of other monitored species.We also found out, that the occurrence of Cyclops vicinus, Daphnia magna, D. ambigua or D. pulicaria was positively correlated with increased P-PO4 concentrations. We also confirmed that pond ecosystem can effectively retain nutrients from basins and use them for its production. As was shown after a short rain when the measured concentration of total phosphorus in the inflow in our pond system was 0.50 mg/L, on the contrary in the last pond of our cascade we measured values below 0.08 mg/L. High transparency was maintained in the whole cascade throughout the monitoring period, and an adequate economic profit was generated. Such management can be applied to only a few ponds (systems).
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Vliv triazinových pesticidů a jejich metabolitů na necílové vodní organizmy
KOUTNIK, Dalibor
Pesticides used in agro-ecosystems and forests enter aquatic environments such as streams, rivers, and lakes if applied in adjacent areas or if an accidental spill occurs. For the studies, we chose the early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). In selected organisms, we observed long-term effect of triazine herbicides (prometryne, terbuthylazine, metribuzine) and their metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) in concentrations commonly occurring in Czech rivers. The first part is about monitoring the effects of triazines (prometryne, terbuthylazine) on the early development stages of carp and marble crayfish. Subchronic prometryne exposure of early-life stages of common carp at concentrations of 1 200 and 4 000 ?g/L affected their survival, growth rate, early ontogeny, and histology. Terbuthylazine in concentration 1 400 and 3 000 ?g/L caused significant decrease of mass, total length, delayed in development and cause of alternation of tubular system of caudal kidney of carp. Prometryne in concentration 144, 1 444 and 4 320 ?g/L caused decrease of weight, specific growth rates and caused histopathological changes in gill of crayfish. Moreover concentration 4 320 ?g/L of prometryne caused delay in ontogenetic development of crayfish. Second part of the work has included effects of low concentrations of metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) on the early development stages of carp and marble crayfish. Chronic terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure in concentrations 180, 900, and 1 800 ?g/L affected growth, ontogenetic development, and the antioxidant system and caused pathological changes in the caudal kidney of early life stages of carp. Chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations 2.9, 70, 1 400 and 3 500 ?g/L caused decreased of total superoxide dismutase activity of early life stages of carp. Moreover concentration 1 400 and 3 500 ?g/L of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy caused delay in ontogenetic development and pathological changes in the caudal kidney of carp. Chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations up 75 ?g/l affected growth, ontogenetic development, antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and pathological changes in hepatopancreas of early life stages of marbled crayfish. The last part of our study examined the effect of metribuzine on signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana). Crayfish were exposed to metribuzine concentrations of 0.52 ?g/L and 3.06 mg/L for 30 days and a 30-day depuration period. In the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were observed differences in all examined tissues (gill, muscle, hepatopancreas) compared to the control group. Differences from control were observed in glutathione reductase activity in hepatopancreas after 10 days for both exposure concentrations and after 30 days at 3.06 mg/L. Histological examination revealed extensive focal autolytic disintegration of tubular epithelium in hepatopancreas of crayfish exposed to metribuzin. These studies provided important results for the evaluation of long-term impact and effect of (prometryne, terbuthylazine and metribuzine) and their metabolites (terbuthylazine-desethyl and tebuthylazine-2-hydroxy) on the water non-target organisms, even in real concentrations founded in surface waters.
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Fyziologické a molekulární odezvy vodních organizmů na účinky chemických látek
CHUPANI, Latifeh
The biochemical and physiological responses of organisms to xenobiotic chemicals have been investigated for many years as general indicators of organism health. These markers have been used in the development of the synthetic pharmaceuticals and screening of effects of environmental pollutant on biological systems, and in clarifying their modes of action. Recently, use of "OMICS" approaches has received great attentions in exploring the effects of chemical contaminants at the molecular level and is one of the rapidly developing areas in the field of toxicology. Use of molecular response within aquatic organisms has been reviewed and are considered as early changes occurring in response to chemical exposure. ZnO NPs are widely used and possess great potentials in food industry and agriculture. Their subsequent release into environment has raised concerns about their potential effects on aquatic organisms. Although, the dietary exposure perhaps is the main route to expose aquatic animals to nanomaterials, the majority of studies are focused on assessment of waterborne exposure. The molecular mechanisms inducing their toxicity on biological system even less investigated. The present study was conducted to explore weather ZnO NPs can be accumulated in internal organs of carp, as a model fish, as well as to assess fish responses to the presence of ZnO NPs in the feed at protein, biochemical, and histological levels. Our results showed nor apparent accumulation of ZnO NPs neither major changes in haematological parameters, lipid peroxidation level, and histology of internal tissues. Our observations showed that 500 mg ZnO NPs per kg of feed caused changes in pathways and the level of proteins associated with cell motility, immune system response, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, and cell survival in intestine as well as it affected the proteins related to immune system in serum. Treated fish underwent these physiological and molecular changes probably attempted to adjust to ZnO NPs as an external stressor. These changes can be considered as compensatory mechanisms to maintenance homeostasis which have an associated energetic cost. If energetic demands to cope with stress exceeds the capacity of limit, then organism's health will be negatively affected. In the second part of study, peracetic acid in tested therapeutic doses (1 and 3 mg L-1 in grass carp and 10 mg L-1 in signal crayfish) caused some histological alterations in gills as well as changes in the activities of antioxidant enzyme in treated animals. It seems that the observed changes were not large enough to induce mortality in treated animals. According our observation after recovery period, it seems that those changes are reversible if it is followed by a sufficient recovery period allowing animals to restore their disturbed homeostasis. However, species-specific differences should be considered while treating more sensitive species. Toward establishing a safe application guideline, more studies will be required to investigate the given issues.
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Vliv vykrvení na kvalitu masa kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio)
KUBÍK, Michal
The aim of this study was to test the influence of bleeding on the flesh quality of common carp. For the assessment of the influence of bleeding on the colour, spectrophotometrical measuring was used. The sensory quality was evaluated to an ISO 8529 standard by a trained staff member of the Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Water. Both raw and cooked samples were evaluated. Microbiological analysis was done according to ISO 4833 standard and lipid oxidation measured by TBARS. The influence of the bleeding was observed in all colour parameters (L*, a* and b*). The average of L* values was 43.7 +- 1; 42.7 +- 1, a 43 +- 0.9 in bled group and 37.51 +- 0.54; 37.98 +- 0.79; 37.42 +- 0.6 in unbled. The average of a* values was -1.4 +- 0.2; -1.6 +- 0.2; -0.9 +- 0.4 in the bled group and 4.5 +- 2.3; 3.6 +- 1.6; 7.4 +- 1 in the unbled group. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups was observed in all days of study in the L* and a* parameter. In the b* parameter there was a difference observed just in the first nine days. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between the bled and the unbled groups was observed in all criteria on the raw sample on the 1st and 3rd days. Cooked samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) just on the 6th day of study. Microbiological results came up to 4 +- 0.2 log CFU.g-1 in the bled group and 6.3 +- 0.1 log CFU.g-1 in the unbled group. The influence of bleeding was shown in lipid oxidation too. At the end of the study TBARS values were 17.8 +- 8.8 ug.kg-1 of the sample in the bled group and 39.9 +- 6.4 ug.kg-1 of the sample in the unbled group. In both groups, exponential growth was shown. The influence of bleeding was observed in all parameters. It can be stated that the bleeding has a positive influence on the flesh quality of common carp. In order to convert these results into practice, further studies to optimize the bleeding process are needed.
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Lokalizace a kvantifikace rybomorky \kur{Sphaerospora molnari} (Myxozoa) u kapra obecného
LISNEROVÁ, Martina
The thesis deals with localization and quantification of Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Sphaerospora molnari is microscopic endoparasite which attacks various tissues and organs, preferentially parasitizing intracellularly (histozoic type) in a carp fry. In this work, we studied the course of parasite infection in the various tissues and organs of the host (blood, gills, skin, kidney, liver, and muscle) in laboratory conditions. The course of infection was detected using qPCR.
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The dynamics of anglers' attendance and exploitation of carp in the Hostivař Reservoir directly after stocking and out of this period
Winterová, Michaela ; Jankovský, Martin (advisor) ; Čech, Martin (referee)
The main hypothesis supposes a different angler behavior directly after stocking and out of this period. The aim of this work was to evaluate carp preference according to time (within one day in one district) and place (choice of the locations) variability. As an explanatory parameter the number of environmental factors was tested such as weather, the type of a bait or the sensitivity of fishing technique. This information was surveyed by interviewing the anglers at the Hostivař reservoir. The survey took place in two periods - in autumn 2008 after stocking and comparing period in spring 2009. Data elaboration was taken with CANOCO statistic ver. 4.5 software, when the factors influencing frequency of fish species were searched for. Significantly tested were the factors of bread bait, increasing volume of fishing line and amount of anglers proving the concern of that group for orientation of carp catch. From the following results was obtained the average time spent by the anglers at Hostivar - approximately 5 hours. The average visit rate in autumn was 39.2 angler/day and in spring 34.1 angler/day. The analyses of fishing location show the popularity of places with easy entrance to the bank and the better carp catch in those places. The anglers' efforts were in autumn 2002.7 hours/ha/year and in...
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Efekt počátečního odchovu raných stádií ryb v kontrolovaných podmínkách při produkci plůdku v rybničním chovu
Sotona, Jakub
The aim of my work was to make a literature search about an initial breeding of early stages of cyprinid fish subsequently breeding in pond conditions and its comparison with traditional type of breeding. Based on results from 2012 -- 2013, when two breeding technologies were road tested on two scale types of common carps, I had to elaborate the methodology of breeding and evaluate the results. The Bachelor thesis was made at the company Štičílíheň ESOX, Ltd.. There was the carp sac-fry feeding for 9 days controlled conditions by nauplia stages of Artemia salina and then transferred to dry fodder by the co-feeding method. Following breeding was done on ponds with natural food and granulated feed until spring harvest. During breeding was made several control catches to weight the fish and control growth. The data were compared and evaluated with the second technology of breeding - without initial feeding (done on the same type of carp). The best survival reached both scale types of carp fry with initial feeding (mirror carp 47% and scaled carp 45,1%). Traditional way of breeding reached a very high loss. Survival was only 4,3% at scaled and 4% at mirror carps. The weight of fish at the first type of breeding technology was 30,06 g of scale carps and 26,77 g of mirror carps and 21,02 g and 18,19 g of the same types of carps at the second technology -- without pre-feeding.
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