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Testování použití stromové injektáže jako způsobu ochrany individuálních dřevin jasanu ztepilého Fraxinus excelsior L. proti infekci houbovým patogenem Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Rozsypálková, Lucie
In recent years, very good results can be observed in the protection of trees against fungal diseases and insect pests using tree injection technology, so this work aims to test four active substances - tebuconazole, copper hydroxide, sodium selenite and selenium nanotechnology. These were applied by micro-injection to 60 ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) of the same age and growing in the same climatic conditions. These tree species were inoculated with two srains of Chalara fraxinea prior to injection, and it was verified at the end of the experiment that their pathogenicity was similar. Subsequently, the growth of underbark necrosis was monitored for nine months. Subsequently, analyses of the lengths and areas of the individual root necroses of each variant allowed to confirm the hypotheses. That is, that the most successful in suppressing the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus would be the product containing selenium nanoparticles and, on the contrary, the least successful would be Champion 50 WP with the active ingredient copper hydroxide.
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Srovnání náchylnosti asijských druhů jasanu vůči infekci voskovičkou jasanovou (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) na základě inokulačích pokusů
Menšík, Jan
The ash dieback has been known for 20 years. It is caused by pathogenic fungus voskovička jasanová (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz and Hosoya) which destroys the genus Fraxinus spp. in Europe, both inside and outside the forest. This thesis deals with the interaction of ash with H. fraxineus. Asian ash species (Fraxinus chinensis, F.sogdiana, F. ornus) and even European F.excelsior against H.fraxineus infection have been tested on the basis of inoculation experiments. F.chinensis was completely resistant; F.ornus relatively resistant; F.sogdiana very prone and F.excelsior most prone to H.fraxineus infection. The results were compared to the other types of ash (especially F.americana and F. pennsylvanica). The overall situation of ashs in the Czech cities has been evaluated and measures have been proposed to improve the current situation.
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Inokulace ořešáku královského fytopatogenními houbami
Zbořilová, Jana
The thesis deals with inoculation of walnut tree with pathogenic fungi proven to cause trunk disease, which results in big economic harm to a wide range of trees worldwide. The research was conducted in the locality of Lednice. The area was planted with walnut trees, which were inoculated with the examined pathogenic fungi. The inoculation started on April 10, 2017 and was repeated on May 2, 2017. The collection of trunk samples took place at the end of the 2017 season, on October 23, 2017, where the evolution of lesions was anticipated. The presence of the relevant pathogenic organism was proved in all examined samples and was verified with reversed cultivation. All isolates used were found to be pathogenic to walnut.
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Ecology of the pathosystem of anther smut on Dianthus carthusianorum
Koupilová, Klára ; Koubek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Anther smuts (Microbotryum violaceum s.l.) represent a well-known system for studying pathogens of wild plants and coevolution between pathogens and hosts. Infected plants produce sterile flowers with anthers filled with fungal spores which are transmitted to other host plants by pollinators. Data from existing research come mainly from the genus Silene. However, the applicability of these findings to other host plants of anther smuts is largely unknown. Therefore, this thesis focuses on a different host species - Dianthus carthusianorum. First, the pattern of disease was surveyed in natural populations of D. carthusianorum in a small area in Střední Povltaví. Most populations were infected to various degrees and only a few populations remained completely healthy. The prevalence of disease was positively correlated with size and density of host populations. On the other hand, environmental factors and the degree of connectedness had very little effect on disease prevalence. Second, additional data were collected from a subset of populations to determine plant resistance and densities of pollinators. Differences in resistance among populations (as inferred from flower inoculations) were not significant. Populations differed in densities of pollinators, but there was no correlation between densities...
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Microscopic Fungi in Practical Exercises at Lower Secondary School
Tejmlová, Kristýna ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Skýbová, Jana (referee)
Microscopic fungi (micromycetes) is a topic that is at lower secondary schools neglected and mentioned only marginally. Fungi are of great importance for humans in their everyday life, whether negative or positive. It is the reason to rethink how and when to inform pupils about them. The aim of my thesis is to create my own practical exercises that acquaint the pupils of lower secondary schools with the appearance, properties, occurrence, uses, cultivation methods, and last, but not least with the safety of micromycets. In the practical exercises are used basic methods of work with micromycets such as inoculation of the population from the natural environment to a sterile culture medium, the sedimentation method or the method of spreading a dilute suspension of the stick on the agar medium. The revaccination is used to eliminate secondary structures. Then we deal with the possibility of preparing culture media. Isolated cultures of microscopic fungi are identified by macroscopic characters. Due to the safety with micromycets, I recommend to teach microscopic characteristics in high school. The presented practical exercises were verified at the lower secondary school in Vinařice by pupils of the 6th class. The practical exercises proved to be suitable for pupils in lower secondary school. Securing...
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Vliv umělé inokulace na druhové složení ektomykorhizních hub semenáčků borovice lesní
Loubalová, Karolína
This bachelor thesis deals with the influence of artificial inoculation on biometric parameters and on the occurrence of ectomycorrhiza on the root system of Scots pine seedlings in the forest nursery Svinošice. Differences between measured biometric parameters of seedlings for each treatment were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ectomycorrhizas were sorted on the basis of the morphological characteristics into so-called morphotypes; ectomycorrhizal fungi forming individual morphotypes were identified by comparing of sequences of the ITS rDNA. These observed data were processed with statistical program Canoco. The inoculation was unsuccessful, fungi used for this inoculation did not form mycorrhiza on seedlings. Representation of the ectomycorrhiza morphotypes on the roots of the seedlings had no statistically significant effect on their biometric parameters. Positive results of this work consist in clearly described and validated methodology for identification of ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts via the description of mycorrhiza morphotypes and subsequent method of comparison of ITS rDNA sequences.
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Infekční biologie Chalara fraxinea a faktory ovlivňující fruktifikaci teleomorfy Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus jako zdroje infekce nekrózy jasanu
Rozsypálek, Jiří
The diploma thesis deals with ash dieback caused by pathogenic agent Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. This pathogenic fungus has spread across the whole Europe during the last twenty years and became a serious threat for European ash populations (Fraxinus sp.). This work is mainly focused on H. fraxineus symptomatology in relation to phenology of Fraxinus excelsior L. in situ. Artificial infectious experiments were carried out and several control measures were tested. The methodology of inoculation with ascospores and methodology of evaluation of ash stands infected by H. fraxineus were designed. Outside the terms of assignment of this thesis, the speed of infection spread and mortality rate in stands of different ages were observed. One of the most interesting results is a finding that severe infection causes significant slowdown of phenological phases of F. excelsior. Infectious experiments showed high susceptibility of F. excelsior to the infection. The infection broke out in 83.7% of tested individuals. The susceptibility of F. pensylvanica and F. americana was proved to be considerably lower.
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Využitie symbiotických húb pre zlepšenie odolnosti sadby zeleniny
Jasenovcová, Lenka
Mycorrhiza fungi significantly affect the health and growth of plants. Preparations supplied into the soil provide to the plants more resistance against diseases, increase number of flowers and fruits. Symbiotic fungi are powered on plant roots, thereby root area are increasing, which cause better intake of water and nutrients from the environment. Application of plant is suitable not only for ecological but also for conventional farming, where is the minimum of interventions into the soil. Experiment in this thesis is focused on symbiotic fungi, which is useful in cucumber seedlings. Two variants were divided to control and mycorrhiza. There were evaluated physiological parameters and the rate of colonization. The results show that the difference was statistically significant variation in mycorrhiza (M) at a weight of fresh roots and roots after drying. Although the seedlings were in the early stage and the differences were low, the preparation can be recommended for cultivation practice.
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Alternative phosphorus nutrition of plants
Mikanová, Olga ; Šimon, Tomáš
The methodology summarizes the basic information on applicability of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria for inoculation of field crops. Specific procedures of isolation, screening, selection and maintaining of bacterial strains are described. The technology of inoculant production, and application techniques are involved. The methodology offers the use of inoculants as an alternative plant nutrition. Results of practical experiments show that P-solubilizing bacteria increase the utilization of phosphorus. Plant growth promoting microorganisms in the inoculant also support the root system and consequently uptake of all nutrients by plants.
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