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Zvyšování kvality ošetřovatelské péče v oblasti močových infekcí pomocí řízení rizik
KROCOVÁ, Jitka
Urinary tract infections associated with urinary bladder catheterisations (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection - CAUTI) represent the most common type of infections associated with health care provision, accounting for more than one third of these infections. In the field of CAUTI effectivity of the set of measures of multifactorial character has been demonstrated. To prevent CAUTI good-quality and safely provided nursing care is essential. Aspects of infection prevention include quality-related indicator monitoring, quality of care management, education, acceptance of relevant indications for catheterisation, record keeping, availability of material and aids for catheterisation and care for patients with urinary catheter, functional teams of experts for infection control and prevention in the healthcare provider facility. Effectiveness of the above-stated preventive interventions has been verified in studies conducted in clinical practice and is included in the direction for recommended CAUTI prevention that includes the implementation of measure "packages". The objective of the work was to map the implementation of quality of care management and risk management as part of the provision of nursing care in the context of prevention of urinary tract infections associated with health care that are at the same time related to quality of nursing care improvement in this field. The research was conducted as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the so-called triangulation. The research thus had a mixed design. It used the model of sequence combination where the first step consisted in quantitative research that was followed by a qualitative research method - a QUAN-QUAL scheme. The design of the quantitative research consisted in the use performance of an observation-descriptive study, and the method chosen used in this research phase was questioning employing questionnaires, DUQuE (Deepening our Understanding of Quality Improvement in Europe). Respondents in the quantitative part of the research were non-medical healthcare workers occupying manager positions (ward, head and leading nurses as well as a care assistant). Data analysis was performed using the following programmes: SASD 1.5.8 (statistical data analysis) and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The strategy employed in the qualitative research was anchored theory, and a half-structured interview. The qualitative research was utilized to complete and clarify the research fields of the quantitative research, specifically verification of extraordinary findings and values included in the category of extraordinary findings. Subjects participating in the qualitative research were quality managers employed by the providers of acute bed care in the CR.
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Urinary tract infections in pregnancy
MIHULCOVÁ, Monika
This bachelor thesis deals with urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the human population. During pregnancy, this disease can cause undesirable complications for both the mother and the fetus, which could be fatal in serious cases. The work is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part deals with the anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract, changes in the urinary tract during pregnancy, urinary tract infections and its diagnosis, midwife care for women with urinary tract infections, prevention of urinary tract infections and midwifery education. In the empirical part of this work, two goals were chosen. Firstly, to find out the level of pregnant women's knowledge about the prevention of urinary tract infection and secondly to find out their level of knowledge about the risk to the fetus and mother in urinary tract infection during pregnancy. We wondered whether or not pregnant women knew how to behave to prevent a urinary tract infection, and also whether they knew the risks associated with the infection. Based on these goals, two hypotheses were chosen. H1: Pregnant women with higher education are more informed about the prevention of urinary tract infections than pregnant women with lower education. H2: Pregnant women with higher education are more aware of the risks to both the fetus and the mother caused by urinary tract infections than pregnant women with lower education. The research was conducted in a quantitative form, using a questionnaire. The evaluation of the questionnaire was carried out with the help of the right-tailed Student's t-distribution. The research group consisted of 237 pregnant women who were active on online social groups for pregnant women. Respondents who filled in at the beginning of the questionnaire that they were not pregnant were not included in the research group. Most respondents were from the age group of 21-30. This group consisted of 74.68% of respondents. Most respondents (45.57%) stated their highest achieved education to be the secondary education completed with a General Certificate of Secondary Education. 84.39% of respondents knew the concept of urinary tract infection. 73.00% of respondents knew that UTI is mostly caused by bacteria. 88.19% of respondents knew cranberry as a crop that helps prevent UTI. 92.83% of respondents knew that daily showering helps prevent UTI. The research confirmed both hypotheses to be true - H1: that women with higher education are better informed about both the prevention of urinary tract infections and the H2: risks to the fetus and the mother from urinary tract infections during pregnancy. The output of this work is an information leaflet, which briefly summarizes the risks to the fetus and mother in urinary tract infections during pregnancy and draws attention to the prevention of urinary tract infections. The results of this work can serve as an information source for pregnant women, women of reproductive age, midwives and to educate students of midwifery.
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Examination of the kidneys and urinary tract in radiodiagnostic medicine and in nuclear medicine
SÝKOROVÁ, Simona
Title: Examination of kidneys and urinary tract in radiodiagnostics and nuclear medicine Theoretical part: The theoretical part of the thesis describes 3 chapters. At the beginning, the anatomy of the kidneys and urinary tract is briefly described. Subsequently, the basic diseases that we may find by patient are notified. Finally, are described the most common examination methods that can be used to image the diseases of kidneys and urinary tract in radio diagnostics and nuclear medicine. These mostly it means examinations via ultrasonography, X-ray examinations, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging etc. In nuclear medicine we are using a kidney scintigraphy. Aim of the work: The aim of the work is to analyse individual imaging methods used for examination in kidney and urinary tract diseases. The research question is based on the empirical part: Is the general public sufficiently informed about the presence of kidney disease? Methods: A quantitative survey was determined for the processing of the empirical part of the work. This is a questionnaire method that was completely anonymous, and the results were intended only as research for my bachelor's thesis. Respondents answered a total of 16 questions. These were mostly questions that were supposed to find how sufficiently general public is informed about the problem. The questionnaire also included questions about the respondent's experience with the disease and with examination methods. Subsequently, the results were processed into graphs. Results: A total of 100 respondents of different ages were contacted, the most of them were women aged 20-30. Although the research is aimed at the general public, health professionals have been involved as well. It was found that almost half of the respondents had experience with the urological diseases in the past. Almost everyone stated that it was an inflammation of the urinary tract or bladder. Urinary tract infections are among the most common diseases, which has been confirmed by research as well. The main topic was the awareness of lay public. The results were clear, the general public is informed about the problem on average level. Respondents mostly answered correctly, although they did not know answer of the professional questions. Only health professionals provided the correct answer to these questions. Conclusions: Urological diseases are very common, the most women have problems with them. Therefore, these diseases and examination methods are recorded in the form of a bachelor's thesis. The bachelor's thesis should serve as a teaching material of the urological system and its individual examinations. It could help students or patients who want to learn more about the issue.
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Nursing care of children with selected diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract
VRBOVÁ, Anna
Infection of urinary tract (especially cystitis and uretritis) is very common in young age. The basic symptoms of this diseases are dysuria, significant bakteriuria, hematuria, subfebrilia, retention of urine, vomitig or absence of appetite. The aim of this work to evaluate the knowledge of nurses in the nursing care of children with selected diseases of the kidney and the urinary tract and describe parents´experiences with nursing care of theyr children, who had infection of urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis or uretritis).
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Urinary tract infections by community and nosocomial strains
RAFAJOVÁ, Michaela
This thesis deals with Urinary tract infections. It includes information about pathogenes, methods of their identification and treatment. The goal of this thesis is observing of pathogen species representation that cause infecion in community and in hospital (includes hospital infections) and observing resistence to five most common antibiotics for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis.
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Bacteriophage therapy with focus on urinary catheters biofilms
Ludvík, Vojtěch ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Grantz Šašková, Klára (referee)
The term of the bacteriophage therapy denotes the use of viruses for killing bacteria. My thesis refers about the use of the bacteriophage therapy in the process of treating nosocomial infections caused by the urinary tract catheterization. I focus on the bacteria that are found in the catheters' biofilms and on the selection of bacteriophages that will be capable of the enzymatically degradation of the biofilms as well as the lysis of the present bacteria. After the body fluids contact the surface of the catheter, an environment for the evolution of the biofilm begins to evolve, which leads to its fast expansion and to the development of an infection. In the case of improper hygienically measures and unreasonable duration of the catheterization, the incidence of the infections reaches 100%. Because of the presence of the biofilm, the bacteria demonstrate high resistance to antibiotics, which is why the infections often aren't suppressed and may have fatal consequences. If applied, the bacteriophage cocktail and genetically modified bacteriophages can successfully treat the infection and even prevent from its development. Keywords: Bacteriophage therapy, urinary tract infection, catheterization, biofilm, EPS
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Urinary tract infections caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus
FORMÁNEK, Karel
This bachelor's thesis deals with infections of urinary tracts caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. S. saprophyticus belongs into coagulase-negative staphylococci. It is a cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. In theoretical section I focused on genus of Staphylococcus, which belongs into resistant microbes, despite the fact they do not generate spores. Staphylococcus taxonomy has been developed in past four decades, nowadays are known 54 genuses of staphylococci. S. saprophyticus belongs to coagulase-negative staphylococci, it is resistant to novobiocin and it is a producer of enzyme of urease. Practical section was carried out at laboratory of medical microbiology, bacteriological department in local hospital, in České Budějovice, a.s. under the professional supervision. I worked with urinal samples in automatic system HB&L UROQUATTRO. The most frequent method for identification S. saprophyticus is mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF. In every single genus I made sensitivity for antibiotics. Via statistic processing of results I came to a conclusion that capture of S.saprophyticus as a cause of urine tract infection according to gender in year 2013 was occurred at 94,7% of women and 5,3% of men, in year 2014 results were analogous. Age distribution of the biggest capture of patients was between 20-40 years.
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Semiquantitative bacteriological examination of urine
VITANOVSKÁ, Alena
Urine is a liquid product of metabolism excreted through the kidneys. It refers to the overall health of the body. Urinary tract infections are the second most common disease in the population caused by various pathogens. E. coli is the most frequent pathogen. The increase in resistance of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics is related to the high incidence of persistent infections and their treatment. The main objectives of this thesis are to introduce the bacteriological examination of urinary tract infections and mastering the art semiquantitative bacteriological examination of urine and other processes leading to the diagnosis of urinary pathogens using in the Medical Microbiology Department of Klatovská nemocnice, a.s.. Then, based on the results taken from LIS OLM to evaluate the obtained results and to compare them with the literature. The first part deals with the definition of basic concepts that are associated with urinary tract infections, and its infections and occurring pathogens. The various phases of laboratory procedure are described. In particular, analytical part of laboratory procedure which deals with theoretical description of methods of laboratory diagnostics. The procedures of identification methods, which are used in the Medical Microbiology Department of Klatovská nemocnice, a.s. are described in the methodology. That means semiquantitative examination, microscopy, various biochemical tests for pathogens identification and process for the determination of sensitivity. The research results are evaluated using simple statistics in tables and graphs. In the year 2014 8623 urine samples were examined. 6267 samples came from hospital patients. The samples from hospital patients were for the statistical evaluation. From these samples 1260 were cases of E. coli, Enterococcus 829 cases and 297 cases of Proteus. For further statistical evaluation is carried out with E. coli which determine sensitivity to nitrofurantoin such were 1030. From that 819 women and 211 men. The highest incidence of this pathogen was among women in the age group over 61 years, it were the 542 patients. For men the capture also the highest over the age of 61 years, with 166 patients. The lowest detection of E. coli in both men and women was the lowest compared to other categories of age 7-17.
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Urinary tract infections in children from the perspective of nursing care.
BUDÍNOVÁ, Eliška
The bachelor thesis is focused on urinary tract infection in children from the perspective of nursing care. Despite the fact that the quality of prevention and nursing care are constantly improving, urinary tract infection continues to rank among one of the most common childhood diseases. For this reason, it is very important to introduce the problems of this disease, familiarization with nursing care of a child and all of its specifics regarding the work of a nurse. The theoretical part deals with the actual disease, urinary tract infection in children, from the anatomy and symptoms to diagnosis and treatment. It also focuses on the work of nurses taking care of a child with a urinary tract infection. In the survey there were two main objectives. The first objective was to map the nursing problems of children with urinary tract infections. The second goal was to determine the principles of nursing care of a child with IMC, both goals were set from the point of view of nurses and parents. The empirical part of the thesis was determined by qualitative research. The used method was non-standardized semi-structured interview. The research sample consisted of 10 respondents. The first half of the respondents consisted of nurses working at a children's hospital and the other half of parents of children with urinary tract infections. During the interviews a method of open coding was used, especially method of pencil and paper. The survey was based on 4 research questions. Research question 1: What are the principles in the context of nursing care of children with urinary tract infections? Research Question 2: What basic knowledge have parents about urinary tract infection? Research Question 3: What nursing problems have children with urinary tract infection? Research Question 4: What knowledge have parents about the nursing care of children? Results of the research showed the most common nursing problems which were further subdivided according to respondents' answers. From the results of interviews of nurses emerged the 3 most common nursing problems. It was an issue of hyperthermia, acute pain and a risk of infection. In relation to this issue the solutions were similar. This mainly involved the administration of analgesics and antipyretics, according to the doctor and compliance with barrier nursing care for prevention of infection.From the interviews with parents emerged the most common problems related to the child. These were mainly pain and hyperthermia. Furthermore, there also appeared a trouble-free urinary tract infection. With this topic were also connected ways of solving the problem, the most frequent response was targeted antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infection. From the research came out principles of nursing care provided to a child with a urinary tract infection. These results are also divided according to respondents' answers. Nurses consistently stated that for a child with a urinary tract infection are not specific policies for nursing care. The care is performed in the same manner as for children with other diseases. The interviews also showed specific procedures in nursing care such as hygiene, medication administration, measurement of body temperature, urine and blood collection, drinking regime and patient enrollment in the documentation, etc. An interesting part is a part about the education of patients and parents. Nurses stated that they don´t educate patient´s parents. Only a doctor does that kind of care. According to the survey majority satisfaction regarding care, education, etc., is obvious from both the nursing staff and the family. However, these results could serve to a partial change especially in improving nursing education. In the future this change could cause even greater satisfaction for patients and their families and reduce the incidence of this disease in children.
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The Rules of a Healthy Diet and the Dietary Measures for Dealing with Relapsing Infections of the Urinary Tract and Kidneys.
VYSKOČILOVÁ, Andrea
The theoretical part of the thesis presents the current knowledge about functional anatomy and pathology of kidneys and the urinary tract, infections of the urinary tract, their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and classification. The thesis also describes the issue of the diet therapy in nephrology, namely the general principles of dietary measures, a diet to deal with acute and chronic infections, and prevention through diet. The practical part deals with a quantitative research. The data were collected by the method of inquiring, using a technique of questionnaires. The research results show whether the respondents, i.e. patients suffering from relapsing infections of the urinary tract, are aware of the appropriate dietary regimen and of the fluid intake, suitable and unsuitable kinds of fluids, as well as the diet composition and the meals that are recommended for exclusion from the diet. The data obtained in the actual research demonstrated insufficient knowledge of patients suffering from infections of the urinary tract about dietary measures, and disconfirmed the main hypothesis.
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