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Flu viruses
Kaufmanová, Lucie ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
This work deals with influenza viruses and the diseases caused by them. Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases that annually affects nearly 10% of the world population during a pandemic, even 40 to 50%. Very often there are misconceptions that the flu is any involvement of the upper respiratory tract infections with accompanying fever and cough. The work is divided into two important segments. The first part deals with general characteristics of viruses, their inclusion in the taxonomic units, and building structural composition of viruses, as well as life cycle and the cycle of viruses in nature. The second part of the thesis summarizes existing knowledge regarding influenza; general definition, history, influenza viruses, including important 20th pandemic century, contains the epidemiological characteristics of influenza. It deals with the importance of vaccination, provides information about various types of vaccines. We can find an explanation of terms such as epidemics and pandemics, including the differences between them. Furthermore, in my work there are the most important organization involved in monitoring influenza surveillance concept itself. The work summarizes the main differences between the flu and other respiratory infections. Specifically, it focuses on different...
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Synthesis of Neuraminidase binders suitable for theranostics
Berenguer Albiñana, Carlos ; Machara, Aleš (advisor) ; Cibulka, Radek (referee) ; Soural, Miroslav (referee)
Influenza viruses cause respiratory illnesses which can vary in severity depending on the strain of the virus, as well as the age and health condition of the host. Influenza remains a major threat to public health due to its nature prone to suffer mutations. As a result, vaccines have to be reformulated annually and new strains may cause sporadic global pandemics. Furthermore, the recent emergence of resistant strains of the virus against the current standard of care (oseltamivir and zanamivir) underlines the need of novel anti-influenza therapeutics. The aim of this dissertation work is to contribute to the discovery of new anti-influenza inhibitors either by rational drug-design and optimization of oseltamivir structure, or by developing screening assays suitable for the discovery of novel inhibitors of the enzymes neuraminidase or RNA-polymerase. Scheme 1. Overview of the strategy used for the development of new anti-influenza therapeutics. The dashed arrows indicate the inhibitors that were converted into probes and their corresponding target enzymes Two main modification points were explored for the improvement of oseltamivir properties (Scheme 1); modifications at carbon C-3 aimed to overcome oseltamivir resistance caused by common mutations like H274Y, meanwhile modifications at carbon C-5...
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Knowladge of the selected secondary school's students about respiratory diseases
Drbohlavová, Tereza ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Váchová, Alena (referee)
TITLE Knowledge of second grade pupils of selected primary school in the field of respirátory diseases AUTHOR Tereza Drbohlavová SUPERVISOR PhDr. Hanušová Jaroslava, Ph.D. ABSTRAKT This bachelor thesis is about the topic of respiratory diseases with a focus on the knowledge of pupils from 6th to 9th grade of selected elementary school in this topic. In the first part of the thesis there will be an overview of individual diseases, including their following symptoms. In this part will be described how the selected diseases manifests, clinical picture, progression of the disease, possibilities of vaccination, treatment or prevention. The main goal of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate the knowledge of pupils of the 6th to 9th grade at a selected elementary school in this topic. The necessary information will be collected from the pupils through questionnaires. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the results of this research. From these results it is clear that the pupils' knowledge is generally average. The best results were achieved in 9th grades, with average score of 44.38 points in 9. A and 46.54 points in 9. B. the total percentage success in 9.A is 80.7 % and in 9.B 77.58 %. On the contrary, the lowest number of correct answers was from pupils of 6. A, where the pupils achieved an average score...
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Synthesis of Neuraminidase binders suitable for theranostics
Berenguer Albiñana, Carlos ; Machara, Aleš (advisor) ; Cibulka, Radek (referee) ; Soural, Miroslav (referee)
Influenza viruses cause respiratory illnesses which can vary in severity depending on the strain of the virus, as well as the age and health condition of the host. Influenza remains a major threat to public health due to its nature prone to suffer mutations. As a result, vaccines have to be reformulated annually and new strains may cause sporadic global pandemics. Furthermore, the recent emergence of resistant strains of the virus against the current standard of care (oseltamivir and zanamivir) underlines the need of novel anti-influenza therapeutics. The aim of this dissertation work is to contribute to the discovery of new anti-influenza inhibitors either by rational drug-design and optimization of oseltamivir structure, or by developing screening assays suitable for the discovery of novel inhibitors of the enzymes neuraminidase or RNA-polymerase. Scheme 1. Overview of the strategy used for the development of new anti-influenza therapeutics. The dashed arrows indicate the inhibitors that were converted into probes and their corresponding target enzymes Two main modification points were explored for the improvement of oseltamivir properties (Scheme 1); modifications at carbon C-3 aimed to overcome oseltamivir resistance caused by common mutations like H274Y, meanwhile modifications at carbon C-5...
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The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations
Salfellner, Harald ; Hlaváčková, Ludmila (advisor) ; Fialová, Ludmila (referee) ; Pock, Lumír (referee)
Charles University First Medical Faculty Study programme: History of Medicine Summary of dissertation The Spanish Flu Pandemic 1918/19 with particular reference to the Bohemian Lands and Central European relations Dr. med. univ. Harald Salfellner Prague, 2017 Summary Towards the end of the First World War, in 1918 and 1919, humanity faced a previously unparalleled flu pandemic; within a few months, more people had been killed than in all the battles of the 1914-18 war put together. The precise number of victims is unknown but is today generally reckoned at between 20 and 50 million. The whole world was affected by the Spanish flu, with the exception of a few remote islands, and Europe, already bled to death by industrialised warfare, was particularly hard hit. In summer 1918, the pandemic reached Bohemia in an early, relatively benign wave. A few weeks later, thousands were struck down in Prague in a second and far more deadly phase of the illness. In October 1918, as the First Czechoslovakian Republic arose from the ashes of the multiethnic Austrian state, and the masses celebrated in the cities, thousands of feverish patients were coughing behind drawn curtains, and facing an uncertain fate. In the USA, the flu pandemic - the greatest health disaster of the 20th century - has been the subject of many...
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Flu viruses
Kaufmanová, Lucie ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
This work deals with influenza viruses and the diseases caused by them. Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases that annually affects nearly 10% of the world population during a pandemic, even 40 to 50%. Very often there are misconceptions that the flu is any involvement of the upper respiratory tract infections with accompanying fever and cough. The work is divided into two important segments. The first part deals with general characteristics of viruses, their inclusion in the taxonomic units, and building structural composition of viruses, as well as life cycle and the cycle of viruses in nature. The second part of the thesis summarizes existing knowledge regarding influenza; general definition, history, influenza viruses, including important 20th pandemic century, contains the epidemiological characteristics of influenza. It deals with the importance of vaccination, provides information about various types of vaccines. We can find an explanation of terms such as epidemics and pandemics, including the differences between them. Furthermore, in my work there are the most important organization involved in monitoring influenza surveillance concept itself. The work summarizes the main differences between the flu and other respiratory infections. Specifically, it focuses on different...
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The issues of vaccination against influenza in the elderly
VÁVROVÁ, Marie
This bachelor thesis deals with influenza vaccination for the elderly, their awareness of the flu, its severity, complications and risks. Influenza is among the most frequent infection in the Czech Republic. Many people confuse the common cold and upper respiratory tract infections, which usually have mild symptoms, with flu, which can cause very serious, even fatal complications. Risk groups include mainly people above 65 years old and it is this group of people my thesis and research concentrate on. The thesis is devided into two parts, theoretical and practical respectfully. The theoretical part consists primarily with familiarisation with major flu pandemics and continues with chapters that deal with essential characteristics of the influenza virus, a description of the flu and flu complications in the elderly. I concern myself in the research part with finding out how much older persons know about the disease, if it is perceived as a serious illness or not, if they are aware of the risks and complications the disease can cause them at their age. The paper sets out three objectives. My first goal is to find out how much the seniors are informed about the severity of influenza disease, next goal is to map vaccination rates of the elderly against influenza in the Český Krumlov region and the third objective is to determine whether there are differences in immunization rates between homes for the elderly and elderly people living independently. Quantitative research method using an anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain the data. 100 questionnaires completed by respondents above the age of 50 from the Český Krumlov region were used for processing. I predicted two hypotheses in the context of the objectives of my thesis which were subsequently disproved. My first hypothesis was: Most seniors considered the influenza disease as serious. I was not able to confirm this hypothesis. Only about a half of the respondents consider influenza as serious. This ratio is not dependent on age, place of residence or level of educational, however significantly depends on gender. The ratio of men who consider influenza as a serious illness is significantly lower when compared with women. Second hypothesis: the vaccination coverage in homes for the elderly is higher than among elderly people living independently. I was unable to confirm this hypothesis either. Information about the vaccine and its cost mostly come from the attending physician, the press and media. Mapping immunization coverage showed that only 23 of 100 respondents (23%) were vaccinated against influenza. The proposed objectives based on the obtained data have been met. The bachelor thesis may serve specialists as a source of information in the future. The concluded data and information can be mediated to the elderly either by general practicioners or in nursing homes. The results and information about the severity of influenza illness covered in this thesis can also serve as a source of information about this issue to the general public.
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Seasonal influenza vaccination and reasons for vaccination refusal among nurses
RODOVÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor work deals with an assessment of vaccination rates against seasonal flu for nurses as well as their opinions and reason for refusing the flu vaccination. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical.In the theoretical part chapters the knowledge of epidemiology, history of flu, originator, treatment and possible preventions against flu infection were processed. Further in the theoretical part I dealt with vaccination against this illness. For processing I used monographic publications, expert medical articles as well as electronic sources. In the research part I examined how the respondents understand the flu as an illness. I was interested if they consider this illness serious or not. I was very interested in nurses opinion about seasonal vaccination due to the fact that they are a group of people being aware of possible risks of this illness. The aim of my work is to analyze the reasons resulting in low vaccination of this group and finding the way how to increase it. I set up three main goals in my work. The first goal was to make a research of vaccination against seasonal flu for nurses in Pisek hospital and ambulatory workplaces of ordinary doctors in Pisek. The second goal was to analyze reasons for low vaccination for nurses and the third goal was to analyze reasons making nurses accept the flu vaccination. To gain all the data I used the method of quantitative research by anonymous questionnaire survey. 140 questionnaires in total were handed over. The final volume being processed was 106. All the data were assessed by graphs and tables (charts). The aim of the practical part was to find out vaccination rate for nurses in Pisek hospital and ambulatory ordinary doctors in Pisek. The research was forgone by ?preresearch? to check up the suitability of the chosen method for the data collection. The data collection was realized by the form of questionnaire. This questionnaire was anonymous and consisted of 18 questions. These questions focused on the problem of seasonal flu vaccination rate for nurses. I was also trying to find out the most essential reasons leading the nurses to refuse the seasonal flu vaccination. In connection with the work I set up 2 hypothesis and 1 research question. According to the survey I either confirmed or refuted them. Through the first hypothesis I was trying to find out if the seasonal flu vaccination rate for nurses is higher than for the common population. This hypothesis was not confirmed as the rate was lower for nurses than for the common population. In the second hypothesis I was dealing with the question if the nurses working in Pisek hospital are more interested in seasonal flu vaccination than the nurses working in ambulatory workplaces. I could confirm this hypothesis, but the vaccination rate was still very low. The research result shows that the most common reason for non-vaccination is distrust to seasonal flu vaccination effects. It also means that most of the respondents do not consider flu as a serious illness. Through this work I would like to highlight the importance of information which might help nurses to consider the possible risks of flu and motivate them to use the vaccination. Vaccination is an important mean of prevention from flu viruses, especially for risk groups of people. For the research it also results that nurses underestimate the vaccination and most of them were not vaccinated against the illness. According to the results it is clear that nurses are well informed about all the risks connected to this illness. Flu vaccination as well as vaccination in general is still very intensively discussed topic at our society. Preventing the flu by vaccination for nurses reduces the impact of flu illnesses especially at risk groups ? no doubt that all the hospital organization clients are. Very often people confuse flu with light cold of respiratory tracts. In the working environment flu spreads very quickly.
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Analysis of the flu pandemic in the South Bohemian Region
HUDEČKOVÁ, Kateřina
In the thesis there are chronologically processed data about incidence of influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 from its first incidence in spring 2009 in Mexico until the official end of the 6th phase of pandemic announced by the WHO in august 2010. These data were collected by means of secondary analysis. The thesis is focused on the Region of South Bohemia from the first proved incidence of Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 here. The data necessary to meet the objectives of the work and to answer the research questions were collected in cooperation with the Regional Hygienic Station of the South Bohemia in České Budějovice. 3 deaths were analysed in the context of incidence of Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in the Region of South Bohemia and anti-epidemic measures were assessed. Differences in 121 people with Pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in the Region of South Bohemia from the point of view of age and sex were described. In 52 people with the flu from the Region of South Bohemia ?traveller? history was recorded (these people were infected during their stays abroad) and most of them had stayed in Germany. Indicators of morbidity (ARI) in the Region of South Bohemia and in the whole Czech Republic were also processed and then graphically compared.
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