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The EU Emissions Trading System and its contribution to climate protection
Kaiserová, Veronika ; Žákovská, Karolina (advisor) ; Sobotka, Michal (referee)
This thesis deals with the European Union Emissions Trading System. The EU ETS, abbreviated from EU Emissions Trading System, serves as a tool for reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in the air, operating on the polluter pays principle and economically motivating the actors concerned to act more environmentally friendly. It is one of the most important instruments for combating climate change and plays a key role in the European Union's efforts to achieve its climate policy and sustainability objectives. The first part of the thesis deals with the legal sources that regulate this issue. First, it briefly introduces the most important international conventions that laid the basis for further cooperation between states in environmental protection. The EU regulations are then elaborated in more detail, mainly in the form of directives and regulations, which constitute the legal basis of the EU ETS itself and further modify it. Finally, the thesis briefly discusses the legal acts in Czech Republic. The next part of the thesis deals with the EU ETS as such. First, the development of the system, which has undergone numerous changes in its almost twenty years of operation, is outlined in individual subchapters. The thesis then looks at the allocation of individual emission allowances, the areas of...
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Impact assessment of the use of hydrogen-enriched natural gas
Galík, Tomáš ; Pospíšil, Jiří (referee) ; Baláš, Marek (advisor)
The Master’s thesis reviews the topic of hydrogen in within European and Czech energy industry. Hydrogen’s usage in gas industry, heating industry and power engineering may play a significant role in meeting European Union’s ambitious goals aiming to reduce emission production. This work identifies specifications of technologies used to produce, transport, and use of hydrogen and their impact on today’s energy systems and safety. The technical, economic, and political context is emphasized. The technical part covers the topic of injecting hydrogen into natural gas and it’s impact on physico-chemical properties of gas. The work analyses concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 molar percent of hydrogen in real composition of natural gas measured on a handover point of transition system. Furthermore, calculations for these mixtures have been done to determine a change in characteristics of a heat exchanger. The results show, that with higher concentrations of hydrogen, the power of heat exchanger rises, while the power of a burner decreases due to lower calorific value of gas mixture. The last chapter follows up on a economical analysis of fuel and emission allowance costs for above-mentioned concentrations of hydrogen in gas mixture. Specific values of combined cycle gas plant Počerady from year 2019 were used for calculations. The results show, that in all of the three considered scenarios of emission allowance price predictions, replacing hydrogen with natural gas did not have a positive economic impact.
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Impact assessment of the use of hydrogen-enriched natural gas
Galík, Tomáš ; Pospíšil, Jiří (referee) ; Baláš, Marek (advisor)
The Master’s thesis reviews the topic of hydrogen in within European and Czech energy industry. Hydrogen’s usage in gas industry, heating industry and power engineering may play a significant role in meeting European Union’s ambitious goals aiming to reduce emission production. This work identifies specifications of technologies used to produce, transport, and use of hydrogen and their impact on today’s energy systems and safety. The technical, economic, and political context is emphasized. The technical part covers the topic of injecting hydrogen into natural gas and it’s impact on physico-chemical properties of gas. The work analyses concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 molar percent of hydrogen in real composition of natural gas measured on a handover point of transition system. Furthermore, calculations for these mixtures have been done to determine a change in characteristics of a heat exchanger. The results show, that with higher concentrations of hydrogen, the power of heat exchanger rises, while the power of a burner decreases due to lower calorific value of gas mixture. The last chapter follows up on a economical analysis of fuel and emission allowance costs for above-mentioned concentrations of hydrogen in gas mixture. Specific values of combined cycle gas plant Počerady from year 2019 were used for calculations. The results show, that in all of the three considered scenarios of emission allowance price predictions, replacing hydrogen with natural gas did not have a positive economic impact.
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The development of prices of CO2 allowances in relation to the world conferences about climate change
JIREK, Pavel
The main aim of this thesis is to show how emission allowances for carbon dioxide work in the emission control system of the European Union. The first and second chapters explain global warming, give a summary of views on how to solve environmental pollution using economic instruments and inform about the first summit climate changes in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The third and fourth chapters discuss the origin and development of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and other climate summits that were held between 2007 - 2015. The analytical part of my thesis deals with the third trading period of the EU ETS, the factors affecting the price of allowance and the measures resulting from global climate conferences. In this part I verify whether it is possible for climate conferences to be considered trend that moves the entire demand curve. This premise was tested with the aid of hypothesis: "In the period of the climate conference increases price of allowance." This hypothesis was examined on the basis of the condition ceteris paribus and the result of this thesis is the fact that conferences don't influence price of allowance. The results indicate that the price of allowance is probably influenced by other factors that were not the subject of my analysis.
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Economic instruments of environmental protection
Prachmanová, Radka ; Franková, Martina (advisor) ; Sobotka, Michal (referee)
The economic instruments of environmental protection form an important part of environmental policy of each state and play a substantive role in forming of specific policy packages. Reagulation founded in Czech law with regards to the system of environmental fees is an object of this thesis. The thesis is dividend into four chapters. The first chapter brings a general characterization of the environmental policy tools and it defines them in contrast to direct regulation instruments. The second chapter mentions the historical development of economic tools, discribes them and explains their functions. The main third chapter deals with emission fees legislation mainly. However, the system of the fees is assessed according to accomplishing the functions typical to economic tools. At the same time it is evaluated in accordance with the overall effectivity point of view. The fourt chapter focuses on the other economic instruments and it endeavours to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of its actual regulation.
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Can the flexible mechanisms of Kyoto protocol really help to improve the natural environment?
Stehlíková, Jana ; Křítková, Soňa (advisor) ; Zeman, Karel (referee)
The goal of my bachelor thesis was to confirm or falsify a hypothesis if the flexible mechanisms of Kyoto protocol really can help to improve the natural environment. The theoretical part is focused at the most important documents and legislation connected with the climate change. The practical part is dedicated to recognition of problems and critical moments of Kyoto protocol and outcome analysis of the flexible mechanisms. The study is focused on the emission trading, clean development mechanism their problems and imper-fections. It also contains an analysis of financial potential of the allowance distribution by auction. This analysis is focused on yields of utilized and unutilized derogation. The result of my work is, that the flexible mechanisms can help to improve the condition of natural environment. But such help is not sufficient for any meaningful contribution to fight aga-inst climate change.
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Competitiveness and Enviromental Protection in the EU
Havlíčková, Lenka ; Bič, Josef (advisor) ; Tunkrová, Věra (referee)
The bachelor thesis examines the impact of the EU environmental policy on the competitiveness in the region. Environmental measures are assesed in the context of macroeconomic competitiveness focusing on climate policy. The theoretical concept of competitiveness and EU climate policy is introduced and their interconnection evaluated. This is applied on the European emission trading system and partially on the situation in the Czech republic. As the direct relationship between environmental policy and competitiveness has not been proved, the empirical studies offer no consensus on potential nor real impacts of the European emission trading system on the EU competitiveness.
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Emission allowance trading: connection and evaluation
Havelková, Tereza ; Cihelková, Eva (advisor) ; Musil, Dalibor (referee)
The Bachelor thesis is focused on the issue of emission trading and offers an analysis of chosen models, which aim is to cut greenhouse gas emissions. To be more specific, the thesis deals these models -- the model used within the Kyoto Protocol, European Union Emission Trading System, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Western Climate Initiative and the Tokyo Emission Trading System. The goal is to analyze these models, evaluate their advantages and disadvantages and consider the idea of implementation of one integrated model. The secondary goal is to estimate the future development.
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Tax aspects of the emission allowances trading
Knupp, Aleš ; Pavel, Jan (advisor) ; Pavel, Jan (referee)
This study deals with questions regarding Carbon Dioxide allowances market. By giving an explanation of the most important terms and core coherences of the EU ETS system, it endeavours to provide thematic organized preview of the allowances as a whole. The work stands on several pillars which are essential for existence of the allowances market. I mainly talk about national legislation giving basic law framework, then National allocation plan and, on the international level, I refer to the Kyoto protocol and global connection of previously separated market systems on a worldwide scale. The work's goal is to expand on the theme of emission trading and draw out possible impacts on the individual emitents and the whole economy. The first chapter deals with allowances as a matter of czech legislation and financial accounting. In the following text I discuss a trading emission scheme and give readers a vivid example for practical illustration. The Last part is devoted to the future of trading and, in particular, to the implementation of the auction system which allows the producers to buy the allowances themselves.
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Emission Trading
Kmoch, Daniel ; Pavel, Jan (advisor)
The work concerns Emission Trading Scheme from perspektive of taxes and accounting. I should show problems with emission trading. The work concerns practical example of trading with emission allowance.
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