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Assessment of evaporator integration into biogas plant
Peťovský, Patrik ; Touš, Michal (referee) ; Máša, Vítězslav (advisor)
The main waste output of the biogas plant is digested which is used as fertilizer. It can be further process. Digestate cannot be discharged freely into surface waters. This problem is associated with high transportation costs and higher costs of storage tanks in the new biogas plant. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to assess a suitable evaporation system for a particular biogas plant. The evaporation system leads to the concentration of digestate by evaporation water. The system uses heat produced by cogeneration unit. The main consequence of the integration is lower cost for the transport of liquid digestate. The output of the bachelor thesis is a technical and economic evaluation that assesses the payback period depending on the flow of concentrated digestate. The specific costs for adjustment of liquid digestate with regard to the payback period are in the range of 5–15 years. The values do not exceed 210 (Kčyear)/t_fug . The values considering selling heat are even negative. The minimum value guaranteed by the manufacturer is around 260 (Kčyear)/t_fug . The integration of the evaporation system into Žamberk's biogas plant is economically disadvantageous. The thesis brings new knowledge about the potential of multi-stage flash evaporation in biogas plants with short transport distances and high utilization of waste heat.
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Equipment for Thickening Waste Water from Biogas Plants
Vondra, Marek ; Bébar, Ladislav (referee) ; Hoffman,, Pavel (referee) ; Stehlík, Petr (advisor)
This dissertation thesis deals with the development of technology which could tackle two major issues related to biogas plants. These issues concern the insufficient use of waste heat from biogas combustion and its subsequent processing. It also concerns the use of the fermentation residues which are formed in large quantities and whose use is restricted by law. Based on a literary search of separation methods, a vacuum evaporator was selected as the most suitable technology. Its advantages include its simple construction, operational reliability and robustness, low costs of thickening medium pre-treatment, potential for a quick commercial application and, especially, the chance to use a low-potential waste heat. A primary purpose of this technological unit is the reduction in the volume of fermentation residues. Other benefits include the efficient use of waste heat from a biogas plant, which would otherwise be wasted. Evaporators with a low consumption of electrical energy (which is a main product of a biogas plant) seem to be the best option for applications in the biogas plants. Three of these technologies were subjected to a more thorough analysis, which included the development of computational models and their quantification for conditions in a sample biogas plant. A one-stage evaporator with a forced circulation (680 – 712 kWhth/m3, 25.9 – 30.5 kWhel/m3) was evaluated as the least suitable option in terms of energy demands. The energy intensity of a three-stage evaporator with a falling film (241 – 319 kWhth/m3, 12.0 – 23.6 kWhel/m3) and a nine-stage flash evaporator (236 – 268 kWhth/m3, 13.6 – 18.4 kWhel/m3) is significantly lower. A multi-stage flash evaporator (MSF) was then chosen for development and will form the central focus of this thesis. The reasons for the choice are as follows: the low requirements on the heat transfer surface, good operational experience in the field of desalination, its simple construction, modularity and evaporation outside the heat transfer surface. A thorough technical-economic evaluation was also performed on the integration of the evaporator into the biogas plant. The main part of the work included the experimental development of a MSF evaporator prototype. The main objective of this development was to achieve a stable flow rate of the thickening liquid digestate fraction and the continuous formation of the distillate. This was not an easy objective to achieve, especially due to the properties of the liquid digestate, which has a non-newtonian characteristic and increased density and viscosity compared to water. The tendency of the liquid digestate to form foam was also the subject of analysis. The development of the evaporator and first successful operational test are described in the thesis in detail. This required the use of an anti-foaming product. A fully-developed prototype of the MSF evaporator allowed us to achieve continuous operation with a distillate production, reaching from 5 to 10 kg/h at a liquid digestate flow rate of 0.4–0.5 m3/h. The main drawback of this technology is the pollution of the distillate with ammonia nitrogen, and it is for this reason that the basic procedures of its subsequent elimination was selected for further analysis.
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Measurement of selected physical properties of the waste water from biogas plant
Ondruška, Vojtěch ; Zejda, Vojtěch (referee) ; Vondra, Marek (advisor)
The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis is the experimental measurement of physical and chemical properties of the wastewater from biogas plants. Thesis concisely describes wastewater and its origin. The main part is dedicated to the design of experiments and to the detailed description of the measurement of selected properties with the available laboratory methods. Measured data are evaluated and compared to literature. The results of this thesis can be employed to further develop the equipment for thickening wastewater from biogas plants or to other scientific activity in the field of waste management in agriculture.
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Calculation of column destillation unit.
Bytešník, Jan ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Jícha, Jaroslav (advisor)
The bachelor's thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part discusses principles and theoretical base of the distillation process. The majority part of this thesis includes solution of elementar steps towards the resultant parameters of the distillation column. This results may be served like input parameters during other calculations, which can make an effective optimalization of the distillation column for the practical use. The last part of bachelor's thesis compares results of the second part with results, which was generated by ChemCAD aplication with the same input numerical values.
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Treatment of thickened sludge from industrial wastewater
Peťovský, Patrik ; Procházková, Michaela (referee) ; Vondra, Marek (advisor)
The aim of the thesis is to present the problem of industrial sludge treatment and to identify and implement in laboratory conditions a suitable technology for the treatment of a specific industrial sludge, which is already partially thickened fermentation residues from the operation of biogas plants (BPS). Based on the research developed on available technologies for the treatment of waste sludge, the mixed evaporator was selected as a suitable technology. The advantage is the possibility of using the low potential heat from BPS CHP units under reduced pressure, which is often thwarted. The agitator in the evaporator ensures homogenization while increasing densification. The use of the technology results in a reduction in the volume of fermentation residues. The main part of the thesis deals with the design and implementation of a stirred evaporator for production. Experimental The plant was constructed on the premises of the LENP (Laboratory of Energy-Intensive Processes) at the Brno University of Technology. During operation, the functionality of the device and its applicability to several types of waste sludge were verified. The experimental results are mainly focused on the properties and behaviour of the fugate, or liquid fraction, of the fermentation residues. The fugate was concentrated from a raw state of 5.4 % dryness to a value of 20.9 % dryness, at which point it becomes a highly viscous and poorly flowing material. In an industrial plant where waste heat is wasted, a stirred evaporator may be a suitable device for sludge treatment or volume reduction. This leads to lower costs for storage, transport, and application as fertilizer to fields. With a suitable evaporator and agitator design, the evaporation principle can be used for less and more concentrated waste sludge. The resulting thickened product can then be fed to the finishing operations, allowing the distillate to be finished.
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Assessment of evaporator integration into biogas plant
Peťovský, Patrik ; Touš, Michal (referee) ; Máša, Vítězslav (advisor)
The main waste output of the biogas plant is digested which is used as fertilizer. It can be further process. Digestate cannot be discharged freely into surface waters. This problem is associated with high transportation costs and higher costs of storage tanks in the new biogas plant. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to assess a suitable evaporation system for a particular biogas plant. The evaporation system leads to the concentration of digestate by evaporation water. The system uses heat produced by cogeneration unit. The main consequence of the integration is lower cost for the transport of liquid digestate. The output of the bachelor thesis is a technical and economic evaluation that assesses the payback period depending on the flow of concentrated digestate. The specific costs for adjustment of liquid digestate with regard to the payback period are in the range of 5–15 years. The values do not exceed 210 (Kčyear)/t_fug . The values considering selling heat are even negative. The minimum value guaranteed by the manufacturer is around 260 (Kčyear)/t_fug . The integration of the evaporation system into Žamberk's biogas plant is economically disadvantageous. The thesis brings new knowledge about the potential of multi-stage flash evaporation in biogas plants with short transport distances and high utilization of waste heat.
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Vplyv macerácie netradičných druhov dreva na kvalitu destilátů
Martinák, Krištof
Diploma thesis The influence of maceration of nontraditional wood species on the quality of distillate was elaborated in the years 2017-2019 at the Institute of Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Products, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno. Literary part was aimed at clarifying the legislative requirements for the production of spirits, namely brandy. The thesis also briefly describes the history and technology of barrel production, the chemical composition of wood and chemical changes in the content of barrels. Alternative products used instead of barrels were also discussed. In the practical part of the thesis 8 types of woods, which were processed into wood chips, each in three variants of temperature treatment (110,175,200°C) were selected. Various types of woods were dosed into wine distillate and matured together with wood for 5 months. After this time, the distillates were decanted and subjected to chemical analysis. Here, the antioxidant capacity was determined by two methods - FRAP and DPPH. The total polyphenol content and color changes using the CIELAB 3-dimensional space was also determined. Subsequently, 24 spirits were rated by eleven members commission. Fifteen organoleptic properties (optical, aromatic and flavor) were evaluated. The results were evaluated in graphs, tables and photographs and supported by a statistical survey. Furthermore, in the discussion and conclusion, the results were verbally evaluated, compared with similar foreign and domestic studies. In conclusion, the author's opinion, his recommendations for using this research in practice or other research were expressed.Formula clause:I hereby declare that, this thesis entitled The influence of maceration of nontraditional wood species on the quality of distillate was written and completed by me. I also declare that all the sources and information used to complete the thesis are included in the list of references. I disagree that the thesis could be made public in accordance with Article 47b of Act No. 111/1998 Coll., Higher Education Institutions and on Amendments and Supplements to Some Other Acts (the Higher Education Act), and in accordance with the current. I recommend postponing the publication of the bachelor / master thesis for a maximum of 3 years. Directive on publishing of the final thesis. I declare that the printed version of the thesis and electronic version of the thesis published in the application of the Final Thesis in the University Information System is identical. I am aware that my thesis is written in accordance to Act. 121/2000 Coll., on Copyright and therefore Mendel University in Brno has the right to conclude licence agreements on the utilization of the thesis as a school work in accordance with Article 60(1) of the Copyright Act. Before concluding a licence agreement on utilization of the work by another person, I will request a written statement from the university that the licence agreement is not in contradiction to legitimate interests of the university, and I will also pay a prospective fee to cover the cost incurred in creating the work to the full amount of such costs.
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Measurement of selected physical properties of the waste water from biogas plant
Ondruška, Vojtěch ; Zejda, Vojtěch (referee) ; Vondra, Marek (advisor)
The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis is the experimental measurement of physical and chemical properties of the wastewater from biogas plants. Thesis concisely describes wastewater and its origin. The main part is dedicated to the design of experiments and to the detailed description of the measurement of selected properties with the available laboratory methods. Measured data are evaluated and compared to literature. The results of this thesis can be employed to further develop the equipment for thickening wastewater from biogas plants or to other scientific activity in the field of waste management in agriculture.
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Equipment for Thickening Waste Water from Biogas Plants
Vondra, Marek ; Bébar, Ladislav (referee) ; Hoffman,, Pavel (referee) ; Stehlík, Petr (advisor)
This dissertation thesis deals with the development of technology which could tackle two major issues related to biogas plants. These issues concern the insufficient use of waste heat from biogas combustion and its subsequent processing. It also concerns the use of the fermentation residues which are formed in large quantities and whose use is restricted by law. Based on a literary search of separation methods, a vacuum evaporator was selected as the most suitable technology. Its advantages include its simple construction, operational reliability and robustness, low costs of thickening medium pre-treatment, potential for a quick commercial application and, especially, the chance to use a low-potential waste heat. A primary purpose of this technological unit is the reduction in the volume of fermentation residues. Other benefits include the efficient use of waste heat from a biogas plant, which would otherwise be wasted. Evaporators with a low consumption of electrical energy (which is a main product of a biogas plant) seem to be the best option for applications in the biogas plants. Three of these technologies were subjected to a more thorough analysis, which included the development of computational models and their quantification for conditions in a sample biogas plant. A one-stage evaporator with a forced circulation (680 – 712 kWhth/m3, 25.9 – 30.5 kWhel/m3) was evaluated as the least suitable option in terms of energy demands. The energy intensity of a three-stage evaporator with a falling film (241 – 319 kWhth/m3, 12.0 – 23.6 kWhel/m3) and a nine-stage flash evaporator (236 – 268 kWhth/m3, 13.6 – 18.4 kWhel/m3) is significantly lower. A multi-stage flash evaporator (MSF) was then chosen for development and will form the central focus of this thesis. The reasons for the choice are as follows: the low requirements on the heat transfer surface, good operational experience in the field of desalination, its simple construction, modularity and evaporation outside the heat transfer surface. A thorough technical-economic evaluation was also performed on the integration of the evaporator into the biogas plant. The main part of the work included the experimental development of a MSF evaporator prototype. The main objective of this development was to achieve a stable flow rate of the thickening liquid digestate fraction and the continuous formation of the distillate. This was not an easy objective to achieve, especially due to the properties of the liquid digestate, which has a non-newtonian characteristic and increased density and viscosity compared to water. The tendency of the liquid digestate to form foam was also the subject of analysis. The development of the evaporator and first successful operational test are described in the thesis in detail. This required the use of an anti-foaming product. A fully-developed prototype of the MSF evaporator allowed us to achieve continuous operation with a distillate production, reaching from 5 to 10 kg/h at a liquid digestate flow rate of 0.4–0.5 m3/h. The main drawback of this technology is the pollution of the distillate with ammonia nitrogen, and it is for this reason that the basic procedures of its subsequent elimination was selected for further analysis.
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