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Water treatment using high-capacity deionisation unit
Hucková, Katarína ; Mergl, Václav (referee) ; Repková, Martina (advisor)
Considering the growing global deficit of high-quality water and related environmental challenges, developing and optimising sustainable water treatment methods is crucial. This work focuses on capacitive deionization (CDI), an advanced technology for removing ions from water that utilizes an electric field for the adsorption and desorption of ions on electrodes. The experimental part of the study was dedicated to a detailed examination of various CDI cycles with respect to the efficiency of removing selected ions and their comparison with legislative standards for drinking water. The results suggest that CDI represents an effective method for reducing concentrations of ions such as chlorides, ammonium ions, calcium, and magnesium ions. The work also highlights the importance of regular flushing and regeneration of electrodes to maintain their efficiency and long-term stability of the system. The results confirm the functionality of capacitive deionization technology and its application in various industrial and environmental contexts, which is in line with worldwide research in this rapidly developing field.
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CO2 capture in a spray column using different atomization techniques
Klíma, Petr ; Bělka, Miloslav (referee) ; Malý, Milan (advisor)
Carbon dioxide capture (CO2) can be a key step in the fight against global climate change. One of the promising tehcnologies for CO2 capture is the spray column. This diploma thesis investigated its potential through a review of available literature and laboratory experiments. Specifically, the work included an overview of absorbents and nozzles. Furthermore, research was conducted on the geometric and operational parameters of spray columns and other similar devices used for CO2 absorption and desorption. These findings led to the construction of a spray column and the execution of experiments. The effect of the type of nozzle used, as well as the effect of CO2 concentration in the supplied gas, the effect of atomization pressure and the effect of temperature on the absorption efficiency in the spray column were investigated. Regeneration experiments were also carried out in a spray column and then on a smaller scale in a steel cylindrical vessel.
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Influence of content of organic matter and calcium on immobilization of pharmaceuticals in soil
Kotradyová, Viktória ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This thesis aimed to highlight the problem of antibiotics and their presence in nature, particularly tetracycline. High global consumption, limited metabolism in the body and incomplete degradation in wastewater treatment plants represent the reasons why pharmaceuticals have been found in the environment. Their presence might have a negative impact on the natural ecosystem, including humans. Therefore, addressing their behaviour and finding solutions for their removal from nature seems important. The soil itself has a self-cleaning capacity, which may immobilise these pollutants into organic structures to prevent their subsequent migration. The presence of inorganic cations in soil plays an essential role in the sorption process of antibiotics. Calcium ions from the soil with whom the tetracycline forms chelate complexes, should be also taken into account. Regarding the practical part, tetracycline interactions with soil systems were studied in both sorption and desorption experiments. Four soils with different amounts of organic matter and calcium have been examined. Tetracycline was extensively adsorbed to all four soils. Desorption processes showed low efficiency and refer to stable adsorption onto soil. The experimental data were fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, where the second mentioned is suitable for three of the four soils. Subsequently, sorption and desorption experiments were conducted in four different pH buffers (3, 5, 7 and 10). The effect of pH on sorption was not significant, however during desorption at lower pH higher desorbed levels of tetracycline were observed. Photodegradation of tetracycline in solution was investigated to determine the rate of degradation of tetracycline on light, where the results indicated that the concentration decreased by 22 % after 29 days compared to the applied concentration. Quantitative analysis was carried out using UV-VIS spectroscopy and liquid chromatography. In addition, the soil spectra of the FTIR were measured to obtain information on the sorption mechanism
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Stability of humic complexes
Vlašicová, Silvie ; Smilek, Jiří (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on humic acids as an active ingredient of organic soil substance and their interaction with the selected drug, Ibuprofen. The aim of this work was to optimize the methods of drug determination in solutions containing humic acids. Subsequently, adsorption experiments were performer to provide information about the adsorption efficiency depending on the concentration of Ibuprofen. Desorption experiments were then used to determine the stability of humic substance complexes with Ibuprofen, or, more precisely, the proportion of the mobile and bound Ibuprofen fraction in the prepared complexes.
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Behaviour of diclofenac in soil systems
Šmerdová, Kateřina ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
In these days, a large amount of drugs are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants, than it enters watercourses and then it leaks into soils. These substances are not natural in the environment, so they can have a negative effects here. This is very important to study the behavior of foreign substances in the environment. In this thesis the sorption and desorption behavior of the commonly used drug diclofenac in the soil system was monitored. The rate of sorption and desorption was determined from the change in diclofenac concentration analyzed by UV-VIS spectrometry. Changes in pH and conductivity were also monitored. Diclofenac showed good sorption properties in all the concentrations. There was no desorption or just a minimal desorption, that indicating a strong bond between diclofenac and soil and less leachability into the soil fusion. The results of this thesis showed, that even if diclofenac leaks into the environment, it is mostly adsorbed into the soil. This is largely positive, because diclofenac is practically harmless in the soil and due to the strong bond it also persist there.
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Liquid-vapor mass exchange in stripping processes
Liman, Martin ; Kalivoda, Josef (referee) ; Svěrák, Tomáš (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the solution of ammonia separation from waste raw materials of agricultural production. It focuses on determining the efficiency of desorption from an experimental stripping device depending on the measurement temperature. Ammonia water solutions and liquid digestate samples from technical practice were used to verify the functionality of the equipment. Increasing separation efficiency with increasing temperature has been demonstrated. The device was gradually improved during the measurement for a better profitability of the separation process. The results of the experiments are discussed concerning the theoretical assumptions and compared with other methods of ammonia separation.
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Interaction of Ibuprofen with Humic Substances and Stability of Formed Complexes
Vlašicová, Silvie ; Smilek, Jiří (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
Nowadays, huge amounts of drugs get into watercourses and soil due to wrong disposal in sewage treatment plants. In this work, the sorption and desorption behavior of Ibuprofen in the soil system was studied, especially in relation to humic acids. The degree of sorption and desorption was defined from the change in ibuprofen concentration analyzed by UV-VIS spectrometry, changes in conductivity and pH were also observed. Ibuprofen shows good sorption properties, desorption was really minimal. It can be assumed that there is a strong bond between ibuprofen and both soil and lignite humic acids and therefore there is no risk of leaching back into solutions. Therefore, if ibuprofen entered the environment, it would be sorbed into the humic acids contained in lignite or soil, which means that it should not be harmful in any way.
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Interactions and imobilization of pharmaceuticals in soil systems
Šmerdová, Kateřina ; Krouská, Jitka (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
In these days, most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including diclofenac (DK), are considered as environmental contaminants. In this thesis, the sorption and desorption mechanisms of diclofenac in soils with different organic matter content were studied. The pH of the medium and its effect on DK adsorption by Britton – Robinson buffer were also studied. Last but not least, the spontaneous degradation of DK in water under sunshine was observed; depending on similar studies, the photodegradation product has been described. The value of pH and conductivity of all the samples were monitored continuously throughout the experiment. It has been found that the content of soil organic matter has a colossal influence on the drug sorption and desorption. Studied soil with a higher content of organic matter recorded higher adsorption of DK in all monitored koncentration of DK. Different pH values also affected the sorption and desorption of DK. By results, a neutral and alkaline environment supports the adsorption of DK more than an acidic environment. The samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Photodegradation of DK in water was successful after 4 months. The degradation product was analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and FTIR spectrometry. The product of fotodegradation could probably be carbazole derivative.
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Interaction of Ibuprofen with Different Soil Types
Krajňáková, Soňa ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
Táto práca sa zameriava problematiku interakcie ibuprofénu s pôdnym systémom. Popísané sú jeho základné vlastnosti, správanie a faktory ovplyvňujúce toto správanie. Vo všeobecnosti najvplyvnejšími faktormi je prítomnosť pôdnej organickej hmoty v pôde a pH. Ibuprofén patrí do skupiny nesteroidných protizápalových liečiv. Patrí medzi ľahko dostupné a vysoko konzumované liečivá. Toto prispieva k jeho narastajúcemu transportu a kontaminácii životného prostredia. Jeho prítomnosť v životnom prostredí môže pôsobiť negatívne na živé organizmy. V experimentálnej časti bol preskúmaný vplyv pôdnej organickej hmoty a pH na sorpciu a desorpciu ibuprofénu. Použité boli tri pôdy získané z odlišných regiónov Českej republiky. V rámci procesu sorpcie a desorpcie boli použité koncentrácie v rozmedzí 1 až 10 mg/l. Vplyv pH na sorpciu a desorpciu bol preskúmaný použitím koncentrácie ibuprofénu 10 mg/l a Britton-Robinsonovho pufru s pH 3, 7 a 10. Detekcia ibuprofénu v jednotlivých vzorkách bola uskutočnená pomocou UV-VIS spektrometrie a kvapalinovej chromatografie s hmotnostne spektrometrickou detekciou.
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Analysis of Nanostructures by ToF-LEIS
Duda, Radek ; Král, Jaroslav (referee) ; Mašek, Karel (referee) ; Dub, Petr (advisor)
The presented thesis deals with the utilization of TOF-LEIS analytical method in the area of nanostructure analysis. A new procedure for depth profiling of the elemental composition of the sample, based on the alternate measurement with the DSIMS method, was established. The TOF-LEIS method is able to detect the interface between the layers before its mixing by the ion beam of the DSIMS method. Furthermore, a procedure of TOF-LEIS spektra modification was established to obtain the actual concentration of elements in the sample by reduction of a multiple collision contribution. By comparison of TOF-LEIS spectra with the results received by the DSIMS method the ratio of molybdenum and silicon ion yields was obtained. In the next section advantages of the TOF-LEIS method in combination with XPS during analysis of thermal stability of gold nanoparticles are presented. The mutual complementarity of both methods is shown and final conclusions are supported by electron microscopy images. The final section deals with a newly assembled apparatus for the TOF-SARS analytical method and shows its possibilities regarding the detection of hydrogen on the graphene.
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