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Populační a ochranářská genetika rysa ostrovida na okraji Západních Karpat
Stehlíková, Monika
The diploma thesis deals with the population and conservation genetics of the Eurasian lynx on the edge of the Western Carpathians, including the territory of the Beskydy Protected Landscape Area on the Czech side and the Kysuce Protected Landscape Area on the Slovak side (total ?1500 km2). The aim of the study was to evaluate using non-invasive genetic samples the temporal changes of the genetic diversity and abundance of this marginal lynx subpopulation inhabiting the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains, Vsetínské Beskydy Mountains and Javorníky Mountains during the last five seasons from 2016/17 to 2020/21. Relatedness and spatial activity of selected individuals were also evaluated. The obtained genotypes were supplemented with previously genotyped individuals. In total, 37 individuals (12 females and 25 males) were detected over the period of five seasons. The estimated mean population size was 14 individuals and the effective population size varied between 3.7–7 individuals. The obtained results demonstrate the gradually decreasing genetic diversity of this subpopulation and increasing inbreeding; the inbreeding coefficient in the last season of 2020/21 recorded the highest value of FIS= 0.169. The results also showed that individuals actively reproduced there, at least 15 offspring were identified during this period, some of them settled and reproduced in the area. The spatial activity of the lynx confirmed the interconnectedness of the mountain ranges and the connection of this subpopulation to the West-Carpathian population, which is confirmed by the arrival of several unrelated individuals. In the monitored period, four individuals were also recorded to disperse westwards outside the study area, but all except of one died due to a collision with a vehicle.
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Population biology and evolutionary genetics of southern right whale (Eubalaena australis)
Nevečeřalová, Petra ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Galov, Ana (referee) ; Robovský, Jan (referee)
Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) is a species from the Balaenidae family with a range in the southern hemisphere, which evolved in connection with Neogene climate oscillations. Its population biology involves migration between coastal waters of South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand to its high-latitude foraging and feeding grounds in the Southern Ocean. Intensive historical hunting from the 18th to 19th century has impacted the population dynamics of baleen whales substantially. After the whaling moratorium, the species has been recovering from the heavy exploitation, however, recently it is facing anthropogenic changes, such as climate change. The South African population, considered to be the largest one globally and intensively studied for the last several decades, is showing an increase in the calving interval, a decline in female condition and a dramatic shift in migration routes since 2010, possibly as a consequence of significant changes in marine food webs. Methods of molecular ecology were applied to monitor the population genetics and its dynamics not only in the context of the global population but also to compare different time periods - 1990s and 2010s. The majority of the samples were collected noninvasively in cooperation with commercial whale-watching...
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The use of genetic variability for the purposes of conservation biology: case studies of populations in captivity and nature
Opelka Somerová, Barbora ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Veselý, Milan (referee) ; Vojar, Jiří (referee)
2 Abstract In this dissertation thesis, I focused mainly on the topic of endangered species conservation in three projects, which were realized in cooperation with Prague ZOO. The other two subprojects, which are part of this dissertation, deal with the topic of genetic diversity analysis in nature and were realized in cooperation with institutions in Indonesia and Armenia. In all these projects I used a similar laboratory and computational methodology, although each project addressed different problems. In the main and probably the most important project, I studied the skinks of genus Tiliqua living in the Moluccas, New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and adjacent islands. I analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear markers to reveal the phylogenetic and population relationships. In the second project, I focused on the study of ex situ population of Mauremys annamensis in European captive breeding. The goal was to determine the haplotype diversity and detect the F1 hybrids in population. In the third project, I examined the genetic variability of Orlitia borneensis in European zoological gardens for the purposes of ex situ breeding program organization. The fourth project is focused on examination of genetic variability of Chilabothrus angulifer population, which is kept in European breeding. I studied ...
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Conservation genetics of grey wolf and snow leopard: effect of landscape attributes to the population structure
Benešová, Markéta ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Kreisinger, Jakub (referee)
Landscape genetic approaches allow to study effects of landscape to population microevolution. Landscape can influence gene flow even in large carnivores with good dispersal ability. Understanding the influence of landscape to the gene flow between populations is crucial for species conservation, especially in the species with low population densities. Aim of the study was to describe genetic structure of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in selected areas and to determine the influence of the landscape features on observed structure. Non-invasive genetic samples of snow leopard from Nepal were analysed, as well as invasive and non-invasive samples of grey wolf from Central Europe. Population structure was determined a posteriori using Bayesian clustering approaches that integrate genetic and geographical data, and compared to landscape connectivity models. Population structure of snow leopards is mostly influenced by human presence and presence of frequented roads, which represent a substantial dispersal barrier. Habitat suitable for this species is greatly restricted by altitude, however, during dispersal they are able to overcome areas with higher elevation than what is optimal for them. Pronounced genetic difference was found between central European and Carpathian...
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Non-invasive conservation genetics of ursids
Šrutová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Hájková, Petra (referee)
This bachelor thesis is devoted to non-invasive genetics and molecular ecology of particular species of ursids(family Ursidae). This carnivore lineage is quite diversified, particular species inhabit different environments from arctic regions to tropical rainforests and they also differ in trophic niches. As remnants of megafaunal communities that occupy important positions in ecological networks, they are often referred as keystone, umbrella and flagship species which are important in conservation biology. During the Anthropocene, the existence of particular species of Ursidae is more or less influenced by human activities or their impacts. Although nature conservation has managed to stabilize the abundance of some species, habitat loss and human- bear conflicts are becoming more frequent as a consequence of the expanding human population. The aim of the work was to review the research of population structure and demography especially using non-invasive genetic techniques in particular species with intention to implement the acquired knowledge into brown bear research in the Western Carpathians in the future. The chapter about non-invasive sampling is focused to this model species. Non-invasive genetics is important tool for research especially in large, rare, highly mobile and elusive species and...
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Population genetics of bees
Beranová, Tereza ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Bees are one of the most important group of all insect, which plays a significant role in crop pollination. This bachelor thesis is review of articles, which speaks about genetic diversity of Apidae (Apoidea, Anthophila) and factors, which influence genetic diversity of this family. This thesis represents anthhropogenic impact, such as urbanization and fragmentation, and impact, which was not caused by human population, such as, climate change and parasite impact, on bee population. Part of this thesis is created by bee life overview and basic information about population genetics. The aim of this work is finding extent of declining pollinator problem, especially wild bees and also naming the bacic methods, which are used in this work. Key words: population, DNA analysis, threats, conservation genetics, bees, biogeography
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Variabilita molekulární diversity a proteinové struktury Toll-like receptorů v populacích galapážských drozdců
MILÁČEK, Matěj
Fragmentation of populations and habitat loss is a hallmark of ongoing 6th mass extinction, and in terms of conservation genetics, it is necessary to understand the changes that it entails. It is essential to understand the impact of population size on the variability of the immune genes for the future in conservation genetics. In order to better understand genetic variability, it is not enough to analyze DNA sequences only, but focus on functional protein variability. This paper examines the physiochemical properties and structures of the individual haplotypes of Toll-like receptors in allopatric populations of Galapagos mockingbirds (Mimus sp.). Toll-like receptors play a key role in the immune system, where they form the link between innate and adaptive immune responses, by the detection of pathogens. The data in this work reveal the variability of their diversity across the small Galapagos populations and the large continental populations of the northern mockingbird (M. polyglottos). Comparison of heterozygosity of populations revealed that the proportion of heterozygotes is smaller in galapagos populations than in the continental population. This suggests a greater impact of diversifying selection in the continental population, or a reduction in genetic variability in Galapagos populations due to founder effect and smaller population size. In addition to the description of genetic diversity, the physiochemical properties of the discovered haplotypes were described, the structures of all TLR1B, TLR4 and TLR15 haplotypes were modeled and compared.
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Conservation genetics of grey wolf and snow leopard: effect of landscape attributes to the population structure
Benešová, Markéta ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Kreisinger, Jakub (referee)
Landscape genetic approaches allow to study effects of landscape to population microevolution. Landscape can influence gene flow even in large carnivores with good dispersal ability. Understanding the influence of landscape to the gene flow between populations is crucial for species conservation, especially in the species with low population densities. Aim of the study was to describe genetic structure of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in selected areas and to determine the influence of the landscape features on observed structure. Non-invasive genetic samples of snow leopard from Nepal were analysed, as well as invasive and non-invasive samples of grey wolf from Central Europe. Population structure was determined a posteriori using Bayesian clustering approaches that integrate genetic and geographical data, and compared to landscape connectivity models. Population structure of snow leopards is mostly influenced by human presence and presence of frequented roads, which represent a substantial dispersal barrier. Habitat suitable for this species is greatly restricted by altitude, however, during dispersal they are able to overcome areas with higher elevation than what is optimal for them. Pronounced genetic difference was found between central European and Carpathian...
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Variability of MHC class II \recke{beta} gene in Galápagos mockingbirds
VLČEK, Jakub
Understanding the dynamics of functional genetic variability in small populations can have important implications in their conservation. I screened the variation of MHC II gene in Galapagos mockingbirds to evaluate the evolutionary forces that shaped the genetic variation. I found out that genetic drift affected the MHC variation together with a specific form of natural selection. Although the MHC is supposed to be under a pathogen-mediated selection I found no evidence for this theory in the mockingbird study system.
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Utilization of a noninvasive genetic methodology for the research on population parameters of waterfowl
Kreisinger, J. ; Albrecht, Tomáš ; Čížková, Dagmar ; Javůrková, V. ; Munclinger, P. ; Stopka, P.
In this contribution a novel method of obtaining genetic material (DNA) from waterfowl nests using non-invasive approach is briefly described and discussed. Pilot project on Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) showed that the proposed methodological approach can be used to gather data on basic breeding population parameters, including the frequency of renesting, philopatry, or inter-annual dispersion of individuals. Compared with the more traditional approaches of population biology (e.g., direct trapping of birds, individual marking of individuals by rings etc.) the great advantage of the method proposed is its easy application in the field, leading to more effective sampling of entire populations of focal species at large spatial scales. Last but not least, the non-invasive sampling minimizes the disturbance of breeding individuals.
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