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Possibilities of preventing the negative influence of cognitive biases on everyday decision making
Tesařová, Monica ; Stehlík, Luděk (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with possibilities of preventing the influence of cognitive biases on our everyday decision making, especially with the negative effect of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic on consumer behavior. The first chapter is concerned with human irrationality in decision making, primarily with cognitive biases. Some of the most significant types of cognitive biases that negatively affect our decision making are presented and various approaches trying to explain their origin and nature are introduced subsequently. It continues with a chapter on possibilities of the prevention of cognitive biases where the theory of debiasing is mentioned and an example of a successful debiasing strategy is presented. The last chapter of the theoretical part focuses in detail on one particular type of cognitive bias that arises from using the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. The aim of the empirical part of the thesis is then to propose a strategy that will, at least partially, help reducing the negative impact of this bias on our decision making in everyday situations - particularly from the consumer perspective. Another part of this is also an outline for an experimental study that would help verify the effectiveness of the proposed measures. Keywords: heuristics, cognitive biases,...
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The Theme of Rationality as Depicted by Yudkowsky in Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality
Macků, Kateřina ; Topolovská, Tereza (advisor) ; Ženíšek, Jakub (referee)
This thesis aims to explore the theme of rationality as it is developed in Eliezer Yudkowsky's fan fiction series Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality (2010). The theoretical part provides an introduction to the concept of fan fiction and studies its position within the contemporary literary context, introduces Eliezer Yudkowsky and his work, explores his background as a rationalist, and focuses on the topics of Bayes' Theorem, Bayesian reasoning and cognitive biases, which are incorporated into Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality. The practical part then draws upon the concepts established in the theoretical part and exemplifies Yudkowsky's use of rationalist concepts, specifically as a central theme of the narrative and how it shapes the character and actions of Harry Potter and other characters. It demonstrates Yudkowsky's use of rational concepts and also evaluates how the theme of rationality adds intrigue to the plot and drives it forward. By examining key moments and characterisation throughout the narrative, the thesis then assesses the effectiveness of Yudkowsky's advocacy for rationality and the way in which rationality is portrayed. KEYWORDS Eliezer Yudkowsky, rationality, fan fiction, cognitive biases, Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality
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Cognitive biases: How much are we influenced by previous rating? Effect of previous rating on the following "quality" of the movie.
Michňák, Matěj ; Cingl, Lubomír (advisor) ; Máslo, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis examines whether our choice of movie rating is influenced by previous rating based on a simple web experiment. There are 2 groups - group of laymen from the ranks of students and group of active movie fans. Each participant was randomly distributed into one of 3 subgroups in his group. There is a control subgroup with no previous rating, a treatment subgroup with low previous rating and a treatment subgroup with high previous rating. In 3 out of 4 treatment subgroups there was found out using regression analysis significant change of average rating in comparison to control subgroups by more than 1 point on scale 1 to 10. There wasn´t found out smaller bias towards previous rating in group of movie fans, which was the reason why this group had been added. Subgroups with low previous rating influence average rating in both groups, subgroups with high previous rating only in group of active movie fans.
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Possibilities of preventing the negative influence of cognitive biases on everyday decision making
Tesařová, Monica ; Stehlík, Luděk (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with possibilities of preventing the influence of cognitive biases on our everyday decision making, especially with the negative effect of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic on consumer behavior. The first chapter is concerned with human irrationality in decision making, primarily with cognitive biases. Some of the most significant types of cognitive biases that negatively affect our decision making are presented and various approaches trying to explain their origin and nature are introduced subsequently. It continues with a chapter on possibilities of the prevention of cognitive biases where the theory of debiasing is mentioned and an example of a successful debiasing strategy is presented. The last chapter of the theoretical part focuses in detail on one particular type of cognitive bias that arises from using the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. The aim of the empirical part of the thesis is then to propose a strategy that will, at least partially, help reducing the negative impact of this bias on our decision making in everyday situations - particularly from the consumer perspective. Another part of this is also an outline for an experimental study that would help verify the effectiveness of the proposed measures. Keywords: heuristics, cognitive biases,...
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Emotional and Cognitive Determinants of Decision Making
Jonáš, Juraj ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Stehlík, Luděk (referee)
This work summs the development of the research of influence of cognitive and emotional determinants on decision making since its beginning in 1940s, when it was studied in the framework of the theory of games, through the theory of heuristics of Tversky and Kahneman, cognitive biases theory, to the Naturalistic Decision Making movement and the somatic marker hypothesis. These most significant movements are, for the purposes of this work, divided into "normative" and "postnormative". This compilational work is supplemented with a proposal of a qualitative research of intuition of psychological therapists, which is, to date, explored only in a small extent.
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Software testing effort estimation techniques
Čecháková, Lucie ; Doležel, Michal (advisor) ; Buchalcevová, Alena (referee)
This study is primary focused on software project effort estimation, especially for testing phase effort. The main objective is to verify the applicability of the method of function points for testing phase effort estimation. In my work I verify, if number of test cases, derived by experts from project function points score, relates to reality. Specific objectives include the identification of potential weaknesses in function point analysis, verification procedure for converting the number of lines of code to function points and determining the number of remaining defects generated by COQUALMO method. Theoretical part summarizes the generally applicable rules and describes in detail the four effort estimation techniques which can be used to estimate effort for application testing. After that, some of the cognitive biases of human thought processes influencing the estimates results are described. The practical part consists of an analysis of real project, focusing on estimation of amount of the test cases using function points analysis.
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Estimation of household total risk
Frömel, Jaroslav ; Koblovský, Petr (advisor) ; Svoboda, Miroslav (referee)
The thesis focuses on estimation of household total risk exposure and factors affecting this estimation. The risk is represented with a financial loss of 20k CZK in the next month and with a financial loss of 50k CZK in the next 12 months. Nearly a half of participants in the survey (n=55) estimates the likelihood of this financial shock as being low, however the number of participants with high estimate increases for the next 12 months. The estimate of total risk exposure increases with age, for self-employed and single parents, next with income and assets, however overall wealth decreases the estimate. Significant factors are education, financial behaviour and cognitive abilities which all have a decreasing effect on the estimate. Availability is considered as significant having a positive effect while biased evaluation of risks has a negative effect. Time preferences can play an important role in the estimation of a long-term risk.
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