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The development of death rates due to selected neoplasms in the European union between the years 1996-2010
Chaloupka, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
In all of the developed countries, malignant neoplasms are, along with cardiovascular diseases, among the most frequent causes of death. This tendency persists in the European Union countries for many years. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of mortality caused by selected malignant neoplasms in the European Union countries from the year 1996 until 2010. The analysis is divided into 4 sections. Aside from standard demographic methods of evaluating the mortality rates by means of age-adjusted death rates calculation, statistical methods are used in this thesis as well. Primary methods used are Joinpoint regression, analysis of the course of specific death rates according to age groups and cluster analysis. In the observed period of time, mortality caused by stomach, cervical, and within the male population also respiratory tract malignant neoplasms declines. On the contrary, within the female population, the death rate caused by respiratory tract malignant neoplasms increases. Malignant skin melanoma represent a great future danger concerning the male population, and malignant pancreatic neoplasms concerning both genders. Over the observed time period, malignant skin melanoma death rate almost doubled in some of the countries. Within the European Union, the variations...
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Stratification risk of disease progression in patients with abnormal cervical cytologic finding by means of molecular genetic analysis of selected biological factors
Gomolčáková, Barbora ; Kašpírková, Jana (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to track the impact of selected herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, Chlamydia trachomatis and methylation of tumor supressor genes at the development and progression of high grade- lesion in HPV - positive patients by means of molecular-genetic techniques. Confirmation of these markers presence in women with severe lesions of cervix would help to raise necessary specificity of molecular genetics HPV testing and recommend it as a primary screening test for cervical carcinoma prevention. HPV testing could thus replace currently prevailing cytology which has relatively low sensitivity and therefore the number of false negative results. The analyzed samples consisted of cytological cervical smears of 51 HPV positive women, with histologically confirmed presence of severe lesions, collected in liquid medium. Samplings from 51 women without infection were used as a control. The possible effect on disease progress was confirmed only in the case of gene promoters' methylation whose presence was detected in up to 26 patients. It is, however, very unlikely that cancer would develop in all these women. This marker could thus help to stratify patients at risk but only to some extent. Although the individual effect of remaining markers has not been established in the carcinogenesis of cervical...
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The use of IHC marker p16 in HPV lesions of the cervix
ILOVIČNÁ, Kristýna
HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. It mostly spreads by sexual way, less often orally, by contaminated fingers or by beddings. Another ways of transmission are from the mother to the fetus at birth or transplacentarly. It usually occurs in young women aged 20 to 25 years and approximately 80% of sexually active individuals have experience with it during their life. Human papillomavirus is an infectious agent associated with a specific type of human cancer and it occurs in 99,7 % of all cervical cancers. More than one hundred papillomaviruses have been identified so far, we can divided them into the lowrisk and the highrisk groups. One of the best possible ways to reduce the risk of a disease is to keep a sexual relationship with only one partner. But the partner can also be carrier of the infection without revealing any symptoms. Preventive measures also include regular gynecologycal examinations. The incidence of cervical cancer has significantly decreased in many developed countries, mainly due to cytological screening programmes. The disease could be detected in the early stages, when the possibilities of successful treatment are noticeably higher. There are three standard procedures in the treatment of cervical cancer - surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In the practical part, I compare the positivity of the p16 marker between each histological groups by using light microscope NIKON Eclipse E400. The use of p16 immunohistochmically stained tissue improves total diagnostic accuracy. In this way 173 samples were examined at the Departement of Pathology Nemocnice Písek a.s. during years 2016 and 2017. We divided them, according to stage of severity, into 34 low-grade lesions and 139 highrisk lesions. 18 of the lowrisk lesions and 130 highgrade lesions expressed p16 positivity. Staining of remaining slides was negative.
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Radiotherapy of cervical cancer
KUBIŠOVÁ, Lucie
This bacherol thesis focuses on radiotherapy of cervical cancer. In the theorical part we describe the anatomy proportions of little pelvis, typology of the tumor, its occurance, risk factors that can cause this disease, symptoms and diagnostics. We put special attention on the questions related to the prevention of cervical carcinoma. In addition we are interested in the treatment for this malignant disease surgery solutions, teletherapy, brachytherapy and chemotherapy. The second part of the bacherol thesis is empirical and focuses the radiotherapeutical treatment of patients with cervical carcinoma, stressing the analysis of doses of irradiation for the critical organs with repercussion for posterior occurance of acute or late undesired effects. The major risk factor detected was the insufficient participation of the respondents on the preventive gynecology examinations. The collected data reflect that only one third of women are undergoing the regular screening by their doctors. When analyzing the facts, we wanted to focuse on the irradiation doses applied to the critical organs. The obtained results showed that neither doses nor fractions have demostrated even a little progress during seven years. At the same time the techniques of irradiation did not evolve very much during the same period. The only difference was the increase of application of the IMRT technique in 2017 in comparison to 2010. The original hypothesis of the thesis advocating that the improvement of verification systems, imaging machines and planning systems could have an impact on the reduction of undesired effects caused by irradiation of critical organs during radiotherapy of cervix, was rejected due to above mentioned results.
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Stratification risk of disease progression in patients with abnormal cervical cytologic finding by means of molecular genetic analysis of selected biological factors
Gomolčáková, Barbora ; Kašpírková, Jana (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to track the impact of selected herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, Chlamydia trachomatis and methylation of tumor supressor genes at the development and progression of high grade- lesion in HPV - positive patients by means of molecular-genetic techniques. Confirmation of these markers presence in women with severe lesions of cervix would help to raise necessary specificity of molecular genetics HPV testing and recommend it as a primary screening test for cervical carcinoma prevention. HPV testing could thus replace currently prevailing cytology which has relatively low sensitivity and therefore the number of false negative results. The analyzed samples consisted of cytological cervical smears of 51 HPV positive women, with histologically confirmed presence of severe lesions, collected in liquid medium. Samplings from 51 women without infection were used as a control. The possible effect on disease progress was confirmed only in the case of gene promoters' methylation whose presence was detected in up to 26 patients. It is, however, very unlikely that cancer would develop in all these women. This marker could thus help to stratify patients at risk but only to some extent. Although the individual effect of remaining markers has not been established in the carcinogenesis of cervical...
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The development of death rates due to selected neoplasms in the European union between the years 1996-2010
Chaloupka, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
In all of the developed countries, malignant neoplasms are, along with cardiovascular diseases, among the most frequent causes of death. This tendency persists in the European Union countries for many years. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of mortality caused by selected malignant neoplasms in the European Union countries from the year 1996 until 2010. The analysis is divided into 4 sections. Aside from standard demographic methods of evaluating the mortality rates by means of age-adjusted death rates calculation, statistical methods are used in this thesis as well. Primary methods used are Joinpoint regression, analysis of the course of specific death rates according to age groups and cluster analysis. In the observed period of time, mortality caused by stomach, cervical, and within the male population also respiratory tract malignant neoplasms declines. On the contrary, within the female population, the death rate caused by respiratory tract malignant neoplasms increases. Malignant skin melanoma represent a great future danger concerning the male population, and malignant pancreatic neoplasms concerning both genders. Over the observed time period, malignant skin melanoma death rate almost doubled in some of the countries. Within the European Union, the variations...
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New options for cervical cancer prevention
Adámková, Jana ; Kulhavá, Miluše (advisor) ; Fanta, Michael (referee)
This paper examines new ways of preventing cervical cancer. It adopts theoretical as well as empirical approach and is accordingly divided into two sections. The theoretical section provides a brief introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the uterus (Chapter 1.1) and then focuses on the disease itself (Chapter 1.2). The first three subchapters consider the disease incidence, the risk factors and the symptoms. The diagnostics are discussed in the fourth subchapter, which also provides a detailed description of Pap smear testing. Available treatments, currently consisting mainly of a surgical intervention, are examined in the subchapter on therapy. Lastly, the paper discusses ways of preventing cervical cancer, such as preventive gynecological exams and newly introduced vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV); Silgard and Cervavix vaccines are examined in detail. The empirical section evaluates a questionnaire-based survey performed in a private gynecological practice. The aim of the survey was to map the awareness of cervical cancer preventive measures, especially the vaccine option, amongst different age groups of women and establish whether they are having their preventive gynecological tests done.
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Occurrence of woman cervical cancer in South Bohemian Region.
NĚMCOVÁ, Eva
Cervical cancer represents an enormous health, psychological and social stress for every woman. The most important risk factor in the development of cervical carcinoma, which the second most common malignant cancer in women, is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus - a very frequent sexually transmitted disease. More than 100 types of HPV are acknowledged to exist, with HPV 16 and 18 being classified as high-risk types in particular. Worldwide, 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed every year. In the Czech Republic, there are 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year, out of which up to 400 women die. It is estimated that there will be up to 1,000,000 new cases of cervical cancer by 2050 unless the prevention is improved. Every woman is at risk of developing cervical cancer. HPV is sexually transmitted, however not only by sexual intercourse but also by skin-to-skin-contact with infected areas. Other risk factors in the development of the disease are: first sexual intercourse at early age, the number of sexual partners, smoking, other sexually transmitted diseases and a long term use of hormonal contraception. Use of condoms, which protects against sexually transmitted diseases, reduces the transmission of HPV by up to 70%. Having regular gynaecological check-ups with Pap smears is crucial for cervical cancer screening, as the screening suggests the presence of cytological abnormalities and pre-cancer. However, it cannot detect all types of premalignant changes and early stages of the carcinoma. Two vaccines have recently been developed, effective against the most frequent oncogenic strains of HPV (16 and 18), which currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Active immunisation against human papillomavirus is the first vaccination against carcinoma. Together with screening, it represents the best prevention method against cervical carcinoma. Based on the research of technical literature, the first part of the dissertation gives an overall view of the issue of cervical carcinoma. The second part of the dissertation deals with the research, eliciting the knowledge and attitude of women from Southern Bohemian towns in the field of cervical carcinoma prevention in the period of December 2008 - March 2009 and comparing it to technical literature.
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