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An analysis of simple carbohydrate content in fruit as a means of data verification for use in clinical practice
Eliášová, Marie ; Starnovská, Tamara (advisor) ; Vyhnánková, Ivana (referee)
Introduction: Nowadays an occurrence of diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular diseases, is rising. The medical nutrition which is an integral part of the therapy of these diseases includes a recommendation of fruit intake. Nevertheless, this recommendation does not take into account differences in carbohydrate content and composition in various fruit species. The simple carbohydrate intake by patients with the mentioned diseases can have serious medical consequences and therefore, it would be appropriate to make a selection of suitable and unsuitable fruit species based on their carbohydrate content and composition. With such knowledge it would be possible to create or specify recommendations for fruit intake for the mentioned diseases. The data of carbohydrate content and composition in fruit are publicly available in Czech Food Composition Database, nevertheless, these data should not be used to make recommendations until their validity is checked. An independent chemical analysis is an effective tool for verification of the data validity. Objectives: The first objective of this thesis was to perform an independent chemical analysis of various fruit species to characterize their simple carbohydrates and assess,...
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Physiological mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in Sorghum bicolor
Kratochvíl, Jan ; Konrádová, Hana (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
Current agriculture is facing a serious challenge of decreasing precipitation and irregular occurrence of drought periods including their unfavorable distribution during the vegetation season. This leads to growing interest in planting highly drought-resistant crops like sorghum. In comparison with other crops, sorghum excels in low water demand, though exhibits high susceptibility to low temperatures, which hampers its spread to new regions. Surprisingly, there is not enough information about the nature of sorghum's reaction to cold exposure. The aim of this diploma thesis was to describe reactions of young sorghum plants exposed to cold stress, low water availability and their combination and to verify the possibility of plant hardening through previous low-stress load. The special focus was paid to changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which plays generally very important role in plant defense reactions. The other analyzed physiological traits were leaf tissue osmotic potential, proline content and basic morphometric characteristics. Experimental design consisted of pot experiments conducted in growth chambers and the experiments performed under controlled conditions in vitro, using two sorghum genotypes "Ruzrok" and "01Z1800012". Both genotypes exhibited similar response to stress treatment....
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The effect of biotic stress on the metabolism of saccharides in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Kloudová, Kateřina ; Ryšlavá, Helena (advisor) ; Tichá, Marie (referee)
Plants have developed a number of ways how to minimise negative influence of the environment. As a consequence of stress action, plants carbohydrate metabolism is quite often influenced, esp. on the level of expression and activities of different enzymes and also several metabolites concentration. One of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism is invertase. The aim of this work was to find out, whether the activity of its isoforms (cytoplasmic, vacuolar and extracellular) in tobacco plants is influenced by Potato virus Y (PVY). It was shown, that activity of cytoplasmic invertase was not affected, but the activity of vacuolar and extracellular isoform was enhanced during potyviral infection. Hence, it is likely, that vacuolar and extracellular invertases are related to plant antiviral defence. The effect of PVY on other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and several metabolites content was studied. Activity of α-amylase and phosphorylase, starch-degrading enzymes, was strongly enhanced during potyviral infection. That is probably how plant cells get glucose, which is a key source of energy and metabolites for biosynthesis of different compounds. It may also serve as a signal molecule. Activity of other hydrolytic enzymes, β-glucosidase and β-hexosaminidase, was also slightly increased. There was no...
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