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Using of Perovskite Nanoparticles in Biochemistry
Srncová, Melanie ; Tumová, Šárka (referee) ; Pospíšil, Jan (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis examines study of the properties of lead halide perovskite nanoparticles and their use in biochemistry. The synthesis of two types of perovskite nanoparticles MAPbBr3 and MAPbCl3 was performed using the LARP method. During the synthesis was observed the influence of the mixing length of the precursors on the properties of these solutions, which were characterized using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrometry and dynamic light scattering. A discussion of the obtained results was carried out along with a discussion of the suitability of using these perovskite nanoparticles in biochemistry due to the toxicity of the lead that these nanoparticles contain.
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Posouzení subchronické toxicity směsí pesticidů na raky
HOVORKOVÁ, Anna
Prometryn, belonging to the group of s-triazines, has been extensively used in the case of protection of maize production against broadleaf weeds and grasses. Its use was banned by the EU in 2004. Chloridazone is a pyridazone herbicide used to protect beet production and to control broadleaf weeds. Its properties increase the potential for the transfer of this pesticide to the aquatic environment. Together with its metabolites, it has been detected in groundwater in the Czech Republic. Its use in the Czech Republic has been banned since 2020. The adventitious properties and long-term use of these substances may increase the risk of contamination of non-target ecosystems by the pesticides used and their metabolites, which may form mixtures in this environment and thus have an even riskier impact on the environment. The aim of this work was to assess the subchronic toxicity of the pesticide mixture formed of the concentrations of these pesticides on the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in comparison with the control and pesticides tested alone. A subchronic toxicity test of 20 days duration followed by 10 days depuration was used to obtain the results. The criteria evaluating the toxicity of the mixture were the biochemical profile of haemolymph, oxidative stress level and antioxidant enzyme activity from hepatopancreas, muscle and gill samples. The biochemical profile of haemolymph was significantly affected in individuals tested in the pesticide mixture. For biomarkers altered due to the mixture, suppression of the effect of prometryn in the mixture was observed in some cases. The analysis of antioxidant biomarkers did not show a higher toxicity of the mixture over the pesticides tested alone. In the case of antioxidants, a greater effect was observed for prometryn tested alone, where in some cases its presence in the mixture suppressed the effects of chloridazon in the mixture.
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Dopad alimentární expozice bisfenolu S na vybrané orgány laboratorních potkanů
ROČEŇOVÁ, Adéla
The present thesis investigated the impact of a ten-week oral exposure to BPS (50 ?g/kg live weight/day) in female outbred Wistar Han rats. The effect of BPS exposure on live weight, absolute and relative kidney and liver weights, morphometric parameters of kidney and renal corpuscles, histopathological changes of kidney and liver were evaluated. In addition, the concentration of total protein, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, urea and alanine aminotransferase activity were determined in blood serum.
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Dopad různé alimentární expozice bisfenolu na játra potkanů
LABUDOVÁ, Kateřina
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an organic compound widely used in industrial production as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) for which negative impacts on the human body have been demonstrated and have therefore been significantly regulated. However, as time progresses, the negative properties of BPS are also shown, especially for the endocrine and reproductive systems. The liver is an organ in which xenobiotics are detoxified and thus BPS and BPA. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to verify whether 10-week oral exposure to BPS (4 g, 50 g, 100 mg/kg bw/day) and BPA (100 mg/kg bw/day) will lead to a negative impact on body weight, weight gain, weight and morphological liver structure and on the concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, total white-vinas, urea and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum. The experiment involved 24 rats. BPA and BPS were administered daily by gastric tube in sunflower oil. The results of our research clearly did not show a negative effect of BPS and BPA in rats on body weight, absolute gain, absolute and relative liver weight in rats. There was also no evidence of histopathological changes in rat liver. In contrast, bio-chemical parameters were altered compared to the control group. Decreases in trigly-cerides, total protein content, urea, alkaline phosphatase activity and increases in serum cholesterol were noted. In the 50 g/kg body weight/day group of rats, the highest and lowest decreases in biochemical parameters were observed, respectively. The exposure dose of 100 mg BPS and BPA in our experiment did not cause liver histopathological changes or changes in biochemical parameters according to the hy-pothesis. A possible explanation could be given by the carrier for which sunflower oil with natural antioxidant content was used.
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Materials for education in biochemistry at secondary school - smooth and skeletal muscle
Honomichl, Petr ; Martínek, Václav (advisor) ; Teplá, Milada (referee)
Modern society gives humanity many guarantees and many benefits. Although one of the biggest problems nowadays is that most of us spend much time sitting at computers or TVs. Another problem is the excess of an unsuitable diet, which threatens our health. This lifestyle harms our health and contributes to the outbreak of diseases in civilization, among other things. These diseases are the leading cause of death in civilized countries. It is no wonder that some parts of society are already aware of this issue, and its goal is to motivate people to spend their free time actively, for example, with regular exercise or sports. It is necessary to emphasize the relationship between health problems and a sedentary lifestyle by integrating such topics into teaching grammar school subjects. We could combine chemistry, biology and physical education with helping students find new ways to understand the importance of physical activity. The work focuses on skeletal and smooth muscle because it is closely related to movement and is also the subject of teaching in secondary schools. However, in the current teaching materials, this topic is conceived rather descriptively, with students learning many medical terms, and the interpretation of the mechanism of muscle activity is limited to skeletal muscles. This...
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Proteins - New educational materials for education in biochemistry at secondary level
Fendrychová, Anna ; Martínek, Václav (advisor) ; Teplá, Milada (referee)
Diploma thesis is focused on creation of educational materials supporting the education of biochemistry, specifically amino acids and proteins, at secondary level. At first the analysis of Czech chemistry textbooks concerning the two topics - amino acids and proteins was performed. The major problems found were related to the insufficient graphical representation of biomolecules, unsatisfactory motivational components and insufficient integration of the topic with biology or everyday life experience. The supporting educational materials, presented in this work, supplement the widely used chemistry textbooks. The materials includes a graphic oriented presentation, interactive animations demonstrating the process of denaturation and precipitating of proteins at macroscopic and molecular level, poster presenting the structural formulas of standard amino acids, 3D models of selected proteins, additional texts supporting the current topics concerning amino acids and proteins and the laboratory protocols for students. The presented support materials were evaluated at the secondary school conditions. They were tested in one class and the improvement of student's understanding of the topic was compared to the second class employing only the classical educational methods. The comparison of the results of...
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Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking in mammalian cells
Hemelíková, Katarína ; Horák, Martin (advisor) ; Novotný, Jiří (referee) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a subclass of glutamate receptors that play an essential role in mediating excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The activation of NMDA receptors plays a key role in brain development and memory formation. Abnormal regulation of NMDA receptors plays a critical role in the etiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. NMDA receptors form a heterotetrameric complex composed of GluN1, GluN2(A-D) and GluN3(A, B) subunits. The NMDA receptors surface expression is regulated at multiple levels including early processing (synthesis, subunit assembly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) processing, intracellular trafficking to the cell surface), internalization, recycling and degradation. NMDA receptors are regulated by the availability of GluN subunits within the ER, the presence of ER retention and export signals, and posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation and palmitoylation. However, the role of N-glycosylation in regulating of NMDA receptor processing has not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of regulation of surface expression and functional properties of NMDA receptors. We used a combination of molecular biology, microscopy, biochemistry and...
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Naegleria: from free-living protist to brain eating deadly pathogen
Matějková, Magdalena ; Mach, Jan (advisor) ; Marková, Lenka (referee)
N. fowleri is mostly a free-living amoeboflagellate which, in favorable conditions, can occasionally adopt a parasitic lifestyle. In such cases, the amoeba becomes causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a severe and largely fatal disease occurring in several mammals including humans. The treatment of this disease is complicated by many unwanted side-effects of available drugs and a lack of prompt diagnostic methods. Within the Naegleria genus, N. fowleri is the only human pathogen. According to up-to-date knowledge, the pathogenicity of this species is due to its metabolic properties as well as to a particular set of proteins expressed by this protist. Besides a wide scale of enzymes, some of these proteins participate in the formation of cellular structures which are crucial for the pathogenesis. All these particularities should be targeted in a search for a better treatment. The thesis is focusing on a comparison of N. fowleri with related species N. gruberi and N. lovaniensis, stressing out the differences of N. fowleri from these non-pathogenic species. Key words: Naegleria fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, immune response, pathogenesis, facultative parasitism
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New educational materials for education in biochemistry at secondary schools
Stránský, Jaroslav ; Martínek, Václav (advisor) ; Distler, Petr (referee)
Biochemistry is usually the last taught discipline of chemistry. In the Czech Republic, grammar school students study biochemistry during the third or fourth grade. This can sometimes cause problems because there is often little time left for biochemistry when compared to other chemical disciplines. The content of the biochemical curriculum is often limited only to memorization of the most important facts and there is no time enough to point out the important relationships of biochemistry to everyday life. In the last year of study, many students have already decided whether or not to study chemistry in the future and it is then difficult to find some topics that would attract the attention of those who do not want to continue studying chemistry. This thesis is focused on the solving this situation. The first part gives an overview on the theoretical background, which forms the framework for the following parts - Analysis of selected textbooks, which was done to map the current state of teaching biochemistry in Czech schools, and Creation of new didactic materials that can complement current textbooks and help teachers explain the basics of biochemistry more clearly and in the context of contemporary everyday life. The last part of this diploma thesis summarizes the experiences with use of the...
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