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The content of selected elements in fruiting bodies of mushrooms with ecological relationship to white birch
KREJSA, Jiří
The contents of 21 risk and essential elements were determined in fruiting bodies of four macrofungi species with ecological connection to white birch. Leccinum scabrum and Leccinum versipelle were common mycorrhizal edible mushrooms, while Piptoporus betulinus and Inonotus obliquus were parasitic mushrooms with medicinal effects. The samples were taken from two locations in Šumava mountains - near the town of Vimperk and near the small village of Křišťánovice. Simultaneously with fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal mushrooms, underlying substrates were taken for determination of bioconcentration factors.
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Obnova jedle a přípravných dřevin na kalamitní holině
Sekanina, Jan
The main aim of this thesis is evaluation of the growth of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and nursery woody species at initial stage of regeneration on calamity originated clear-cut. For this purpose were established experimental areas TVP Rakovec (ŠLP Křtiny) and TVP Tornádo (LČR LS Albrechtice city). These areas have been divided into smaller plots, where the regeneration of European silver fir was carried out concurrently with regeneration of White birch (Betula pendula Roth.), Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) in spring 2014 and autumn 2015. The growth of European silver fir and nursery woody species was evaluated according to the height, diameter of root crown and mortality. In area of TVP Tornado the most successful manner was concurrent regeneration with birch, under which fir reached average height of 47 cm just after two years of growth and where the mortality was only 1,4 %. In case of this manner, the birch reached the height of 251 cm and 37 mm in diameter of the root crown. In area of TVP Rakovec the best growth of fir occurred under the European aspen and reached average height of 40 cm. Contrary, in case of this manner was the loss of the fir, exactly 26,2 %. The most successful nursery woody species in area of TVP Rakovec was the Black alder, where occurred much fewer losses and reached the best results of the growth. Within this diploma thesis was also made theoretical analysis of the nursery stand ability of production, in which have been found out that the European aspen has the highest production potential in all bonitet and the Black alder has the smallest production potential in compare with all chosen nursery woody species. Within both areas of research have been investigated the influence of the nursery stand in initial stage to the microclimate of calamity originated clear-cut. The impact hasn´t been confirmed.
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Hodnocení stavu obnovy na kalamitní holině v oblasti východních Čech
Pišlová, Tereza
The thesis is focused on the evaluation of natural regeneration in a calamity clearcut in the eastern Bohemia. The area of about 5 hectares arose as a result of a wind disaster in 2005. The initial forest cover consisted of full - grown trees mainly represented by spruce. Nowodays, the stand composition is dominated by softwood deciduous trees, a type of pioneer species, mainly represented by the birch. The main research was carried out in years 2015 - 2016. For this purpose, a lasting research area of 125 m2 was created. It was divided into 20 separate parts. Another research was undertaken in tree circle areas of 100 m2. This thesis also includes evaluation of artificial regeneration of spruce. Natural regeneration was 8080 pcs/ha. The share of birch in the area is 70 % and it shows a great extent of recovery process and further growth. Birch is the essential component of the upper stand. The spruce, as a target tree species, represented only 24 % share in the area, with the occurrence only in sub-level stands and with rather irregular psacing. However, spruce is the only tree species which showed some slight increase in growth.
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Vliv intenzity výchovného zásahu na formování březového porostu a růst podsadby jedle bělokoré
Pišlová, Tereza
The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the formation of preparing birch stand and the growth of silver birch underplanting. The measurements were realized in 2015 – 2018 in TVP Skrchov. The area was divided into 4 variants; no heavy thinning, intensity heavy thinning 50 %, 30 % and silver fir gap. In the birch stand there was evaluated breast-height diameter and its growth, basal area and by Shädelin tree classification the target trees were chosen. The silver fir underplanting was measured for mortality, root colar diameter, height, diameter growth, height increment, health condition, and the size of crown projection. The best value had the birch stand with thinning intensity of 50 %. In this stand there was reaction of release after heavy thinning. On the other hand the lowest value of production had the birch area without heavy thinning. Nevertheless, the value of slenderness ratio was high (110 – 120) and the share of green crown was low (33 – 35 %) for all variants. It shows worse vitality and stability of the birch stand and it indicates the late heavy thinning. The silver fir grew best in the gap where it had the highest diameter growth, height increment, healty condition and lowest mortality. The best of underplantings was the silver fir grown under the birch stand without heavy thinning. The worst results had the silver fir with 50 % of heavy thinning intesity.
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Konvenční hustota dřeva kmenové části břízy bělokoré (Betula pendula Roth.) v závislosti na struktuře porostu
Hauserová, Eliška
The aim of this thesis was determination of basic density of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), from segments taken from the breast height, in relation with the stand structure. The research was conducted in area Nízký Jeseník and Slavkov. The segments were taken by Pressler auger in three stands with different age per the area. The average basic density of the silver birch is 491,1 kg∙m-3 (Velká Polom) and 504,2 kg∙m-3 (Slavkov). The positive correlation was found out between the basic density and the age. The dependency between basic density with height and diameter at breast height is very low. The other matter was the determination of variability of basic density along the stem height– the values increases with the height of the tree. The analysis of possible relation between the basic density and the average tree-rings width showed that the dependency is low.
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Produkční potenciál a přirozená obnova břízy bělokoré na divizi VLS Plumlov (pracoviště Slavkov u Brna)
Pospíšil, Matěj
In this thesis I deal with prime information about Betula pendula. The topic this thesis is production potential and natural recovery of Betula pendula. In first part of this tesis I deal get information from adult forest, where is done basic research and information about forest, height differentiation of the qrowth, suplly of wood, number of species etc. Second part about natural recovery, is deal get information about growth new seedlings in young forest, where is target tree other species then Betula pendula, especially Fagus silvatica and Picea abies. Second part is deal measurement density of Betula pendula seedlings on hectare forest area, height diferentiation of this seedlings and dependence distance maternal forest and place of refinement. Result of this thesis is finding real supplies forest, relation between Betula pendula and other other species, when are in this economic foresters. Further will found, how much is Betula pendula abillity fill free places and for how long she can on this free places tahe a strong look with dependence on distance from maternal forest.
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Vliv pěstebních opatření na strukturu mladého březového porostu
Konečný, Jan
In this thesis was observed an influence of silvicultural treatment on the structure of young birch stand. On location Stará Ves nad Ondřejnicí was chosen a 10 years old birch stand and on location Hlubočec a 15 years old one. The stands originated spontaneously from natural regeneration on clearing. On both locations were researched two stands in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Within the stands, control variants and the thinning ones were established in 2015. In the case of variants focused on a thinning was executed a repeated intervention in 2016 and in the same time a pruning of a part of individuals in the spring of 2017. On all variants all the woody plants were recorded with a height above 2 metres, which were measured a diameter at breast height (cm) during the years 2015–2017. On intervention variants at marked trees (samplers) were measured a total tree height (cm), an occurrence of a dry treetop (cm) and an occurrence of a live treetop (cm) as well. At the beginning and at the end of 2017 was also measured a treetop projection (cm) at all individuals on the area. Non-interventional stands reported a high number of individuals with a low diameter at breast height in both cases, which represented a significantly low resistence of these stands. This led to a reduction in stability, especially against the snow. Despite a major reduction in the number of individuals in the intervention stands, the proportion of trees was still higher compared to the mentioned literature. In response to this intervention was recorded an increased growth or base. The differences here did not manifest themselves as statistically significant during the first year after the intervention. Based on the results, which showed especially significant differences in the density of the cultivated stand with the non-interventional one can be recommended a very powerful intervention towards the release of the stand and the increase of stability.
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Stanovení mechanických charakteristik kořenů
Bujok, Lukáš
This bachelor deals with describing and assessmenting basic mechanical properties of woot-roots. Experimental determination of mechanical properties was carried out by the destructive method roots tensile stress on test machine. Test was carred out on three tree species. : Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten), Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) and Silver birch (Betula pendula L.). In the first place designed suitable method for testing wood-root. The thesis furthure describes the process of obtaining and preparation of sample, procedures during the actual testing, statistical analysis, comparing with the literature and discuss the impact of factors on the results achieved. The results indicate a statistically significant difference between the modulus of elasticity of birch and data spruce and poplar, data tensile strength of birch and data of spruce and poplar, failure force of poplar and spruce, data relative deformation on tensile strength of all the data together, data toughness poplar and data spruce and birch. Statistically insignificant was impact diameter of the root in poplar and spruce on the elastic modulus and the same applies of tensile strength, further we failed to demonstrate the influence of the diameter of the chimney to deformation at the roots of spruce and birch.
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Morphological variability of birch genus (Betula L.) in chosen regions of the Czech Republic with a focus on tetraploid taxa
Linda, Rostislav ; Kuneš, Ivan (advisor) ; Jana, Jana (referee)
The aim of this work is to propose reliable method for distinguishing between diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) taxa of the genus Betula L., based on leaf measurements. These measurements are realized by common tools, such as ruler or protractor. Main advantage of these methods is that they can be applied even in the field. The further aim of work is to describe and evaluate genetic variability within tetraploid taxa, whose taxonomic relationships are still unclear and under discussions.
For statistical analysis, 97 individuals from 6 localities within Šumava region were selected and 4 leaves from every individual were analysed. In total, 20 parameters were measured on every leaf (16 quantitative and 4 qualitative). Each individual was also analysed by flow cytometry method to determine real genome size (ploidy).
Differences in selected parameters between individuals with different ploidy were statistically tested. Significant results were observed in 12 of 16 quantitative and 2 of 4 qualitative parameters. For real ploidy prediction, the classification function was designed, whose reliability was 96 % for the primary data.
The reliability of classification function was verified on samples from three different regions within the Czech Republic and compared with functions suggested by other authors. Function designed in this work was able to correctly determine real ploidy in 89 %, which is the most of all compared functions.
Genetic variability, especially within tetraploid taxa is mentioned in relation to other author's previous studies. Distinguishing between B. pubescens and B. carpatica was not possible using selected genetic markers. Genetic conformity of these taxa is also mentioned in publications of foreign authors, as contrasted to Czech literature, which generally distinguishes B. pubescens and B. carpatica as separated species.
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Založení přípravného porostu na kalamitní holině plocha Rakovec II (ŠLP Křtiny)
Sekanina, Jan
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the fruitfulness of the establishment of the preparative stand and to propose following suggestions for the forest restoration at the area Rakovec II (TFE). For this purpose has been at this research area analyzed the state and the development of the birch (Betula pendula Roth.) restoration by sowing and natural regeneration of all tree species at the clear-cut area, which was formed after the windthrow disaster in predominantly non-native spruce forest stand. On the larger part of the area (0.25 ha) it has been performed full-areal sowing of birch and remaining surface (0.125 ha) was left as a non-intervention area for control checking. Inventory control survey conducted on 100 blocks for the variation of sowing and on 50 blocks for control variant. There was additional inquiry to analyze the influence of substrate and soil preparation to initiation recovery survival. Monitoring took its course at the research area from spring 2013 to the autumn of the year 2014. While at the sowing area was the abundance of birch seedlings at the end of the experiment 261 pieces, on the control stand, it was only 6 pieces. From a total of 267 pieces of birch seedlings, the utter majority of them occurred on mineral soils -- 72 %. To evaluate the impact of subsequent land preparation for the restoration of birches, another monitoring is still needed. Limit of success of the preparative stand establishment by sowing the birch are suitable soil conditions. Soil preparation is also recommend, as a prerequisite for a successful restoration of birch trees at the area.
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