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Archaeobotanical characteristics of plant macroremains of Bronze Age and Iron Age deposits from south Bohemia in settlement and burial contexts
ŠÁLKOVÁ, Tereza
The thesis deals with archaeobotanical analysis and its possible contribution in different types of Bronze Age and Iron Age archaeological contexts. Using this method on selected excavations of the period under study in southern Bohemia, it was possible to capture the species structure of cultivated plants and its development during the studied period. In the context of central Europe, the composition of the plants cultivated in southern Bohemia was closer to the Alpine region in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. In the Late and Final Bronze Age, the composition of the spectrum of cultivated plants in southern Bohemia was distinctive, but closer to the core areas of Bohemia. In the Iron Age, the individual South Bohemian assemblages were different, which was, however, also typical for the Alpine and core areas of Bohemia. However, both of these regions differed from the eastern regions. Archaeobotany made it possible to reconstruct open agricultural landscapes with a high deforestation in the hinterland of hillforts and settlements of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, as well as in the hinterland of model settlements of the Late Bronze Age in the Bechyně region - Hvožďany and Březnice. The deforested landscape was also reflected in the burial on the fringe of the Iron Age settled area in Zahrádka by Český Krumlov. During the period under study the use of plant resources and the economic importance of plant foraging in the hinterland of settlements and around burial sites has been documented. Archaeobotany allowed reconstructing details of the processes related to the deposition of metal hoards in the Bronze Age, processes related to the burial rite and the use of the landscape in the vicinity of the burial sites, as well as processes of waste disposal in the settlements.
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ANALYSIS OF PLANT MACRO-REMAINS FROM THE NEOLITHIC TELL SITE VRBJANSKA ČUKA, REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN MACEDONIA
VYCHRONOVÁ, Michaela
This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of plant macro-residues from the Neolithic tell locality Vrbjanska Čuka (southwestern North Macedonia). The obtained archaeobotanical data, evaluated by means of a literary review, taphonomic observations, and statistical analyzes, aim to contribute to a better knowledge and understanding of the early Neolithic society in this settlement. The analyzes revealed an archaic cereal economy, based primarily on the cultivation of hulled forms of wheat and barley, supplemented by legumes and the use of a number of wild plants.
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Hunter-gatherer Archaeobotany: Central European Mesolithic
PTÁKOVÁ, Michaela
This thesis focuses on Central European Mesolithic from the perspective of environmental archaeology. Based on analysis of plant macrofossils, it examines potential plant component of Mesolithic diet. The work further contributes to the knowledge on vegetation history of the area of Český ráj (Czech Republic) and attempts to reveal past plant use and the impact of Mesolithic communities on past environments. This is followed by a discussion concerning transition from hunting and gathering way of life to productive economies using examples of specific landscape units and well defined spatiotemporal scales.
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Macro-remains analysis of the Late Bronze Age settlement in Březnice (Tábor)
ŠÁLKOVÁ, Tereza
This article presents the results of the macro-remains analysis of the Late Bronze age settlement in Březnice of the excavation in the year 2006. The macro-remains of cultivated plants were found in the form of legumes (lentil, pea, vetch, broad bean) as were four species of wheat (wheat, spelta, emmer, einkorn) and seed of barley and millet. A few small oat and rye grains present in the analysed samples were probably only weeds. This collection is valuable because of species variety of cultivated plants is broad and number of others macro-remakes high.
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Tracing the history of synanthropic flora and vegetation in the Czech Republic
Pokorná, Adéla ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Lososová, Zdeňka (referee) ; Mercuri, Anna Maria (referee)
1 Abstract Plant macro remains from archaeological situations were studied in order to trace the history of gradual formation of today's synanthropic vegetation. Synanthropic plants represent a heterogeneous group of species with various qualities and strategies, as well as with various immigration histories. In general, the synanthropic flora is rich in aliens, so it is important to know, when exactly these species immigrated to our territory (to know their residence time). Besides the determination of the residence time of alien plants, also the dynamics of formation of urban flora and vegetation was studied. Special attention was paid to the Medieval Period, when the urbanisation process started. The emergence of urban agglomeration may have been the cause of the emergence of new habitats, followed by formation of new plant associations - the predecessors of the today's ones. In general, towns represent a special case of anthropogenic environment with many various synanthropic habitats, causing their species richness. Questions 1. When exactly the synanthropic flora of medieval towns emerged? Was the transition from the Prehistory to the Medieval Period rather gradual or sudden? 2. What particular species took place in the medieval change of synanthropic vegetation? Where did these species come from? Was...
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The Paper on Understanding the Subsistence Manner on the Transition of Neolithic and Eneolithic Age (a Comparative Study between the Western Culture Complex and Regions of Bohemia and Moravia)
Mattová, Sabina ; Popelka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Neustupný, Evžen (referee) ; John, Jan (referee)
The study presented deals with the phenomenon of increased hunting activity on the transition of the Neolithic and Eneolithic Age, the reasons of which have been so far investigated only in regard to environmental conditions of locations. The phenomenon is observed on locations of a wide area of Middle Europe. Nevertheless, there exist locations with prevailing agricultural economy. On the basis of a detailed comparative analysis of the material culture of the Western culture circle and Bohemia and Moravia, the study aims to trace the reflection of the phenomenon in archaeological materials - differences between locations with predominant domestic sources, and locations with predominant wild sources. Alongside, the study deals with a possible environmental impact on increasing hunting tendencies. In order to created a database, a detailed catalogue of locations has been compiled. The catalogue holds the most essential information on material culture with regard to expected agricultural manners. The catalogue also serves as a clue for setting particular indicators of the database, the purpose of which is to organise the data in a comparable form. Subsequently, a descriptive database has been compiled. The database traces the reflection of agricultural base of the individual locations. By means of a...
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Fytolitová analýza materiálu ze záchranného archeologického výzkumu v Radčicích, okr. Strakonice.
BUDILOVÁ, Kristýna
This thesis deals with a phytolith analysis of dark soil and artefact residues from neolithic exploatation pits at Radčice archeological site in south Bohemia. Thesis contains a literary research part about phytoliths and their use in archaeology, stone tool residue analyses, neolithic environment, farming and archaeobotany of central Europe. Several samples from sediment and chipped industry (blades) were processed and analyzed by polarizing microscope. Results are discussed in attempt to answer questions about genesis of the infill as well as about usage of stone tools and cereal processing activities on site.
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Anthracological analysis of charcoals from Vladislav's hall at the Prague Castle
NOVOTNÁ, Michaela
The topic of this bachelor´s work is about antracological analysis of charcoals from waste vault infill in Vladislav´s hall at the Prague Castle. Thanks to this method of charcoal analyzing I found out information about tree taxons which were present in waste vault infill. This gathered information was interpreted and compared with different sets with similar attributes. Also in this work there are outlined circumstances about formation of the waste vault infill and the possible ways of timber transport into the capital city of Prague. In this work i drew from archeological, archebotanical and historical sources and literature.
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Tracing the history of synanthropic flora and vegetation in the Czech Republic
Pokorná, Adéla ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Lososová, Zdeňka (referee) ; Mercuri, Anna Maria (referee)
1 Abstract Plant macro remains from archaeological situations were studied in order to trace the history of gradual formation of today's synanthropic vegetation. Synanthropic plants represent a heterogeneous group of species with various qualities and strategies, as well as with various immigration histories. In general, the synanthropic flora is rich in aliens, so it is important to know, when exactly these species immigrated to our territory (to know their residence time). Besides the determination of the residence time of alien plants, also the dynamics of formation of urban flora and vegetation was studied. Special attention was paid to the Medieval Period, when the urbanisation process started. The emergence of urban agglomeration may have been the cause of the emergence of new habitats, followed by formation of new plant associations - the predecessors of the today's ones. In general, towns represent a special case of anthropogenic environment with many various synanthropic habitats, causing their species richness. Questions 1. When exactly the synanthropic flora of medieval towns emerged? Was the transition from the Prehistory to the Medieval Period rather gradual or sudden? 2. What particular species took place in the medieval change of synanthropic vegetation? Where did these species come from? Was...
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Climate and vegetation changes in Holocene of NE Africa and related cultural development leading to agriculture.
Kuncová, Kristýna ; Pokorná, Adéla (advisor) ; Pokorný, Petr (referee)
More than eight thousand years ago, in the area of the Near East, crucial change in the human food-strategy occurred due to changing environmental conditions: hunter-gatherers become shepherds and farmers. Reasons of this "revolution" are known, nevertheless the biological background of this transformation, i. e. cultivation and domestication of crops, are still relatively fragmental. This paper is dealing with human-environment interaction in the Early and Middle Holocene in the area of the southeastern Africa. That summarizes current knowledge about archeobotanical researches with special regard to the domestication of crops. Key words: holocene, NE Africa, plant cultivation, agriculture
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