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Protection against weapons of mass destruction in the Army of the Czech Republic.
MYSLÍK, Karel
The bachelor thesis describes chemical warfare agents. The theoretical part contains general characteristics of weapons of mass destruction and combat, chemical, nuclear and biological weapons. Features classification, types, and effects of chemical warfare agents. This part is followed by a chapter that describes the history and development of chemical warfare agents before and after 1989. The following is the area of chemical warfare agents, which describes the means of protection of respiratory organs, body surface and means of detection of these substances, which are in currently used for all-army units of the Army of the Czech Republic. The next part of the work is devoted to the area of providing first aid in the event of being hit by a chemical warfare agent. Defines the history, means of antidotes and the decontamination process. The last chapter presents the legislation on weapons of mass destruction, which highlights some important documents concerning the ban on the use, possession, production, storage and proliferation of all types of weapons of mass destruction. These are the Geneva Protocol, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions. The second part of the work contains analytical research, which dealt with the current readiness of professional soldiers in the units of the Army of the Czech Republic. A form of questionnaire survey was chosen to carry out the research, where several specific questions dealing with this issue were created for the area of protection against weapons of mass destruction. The aim of creating the questionnaire was to find out the current knowledge of the soldiers of the Army of the Czech Republic and to obtain an answer to the research question whether the Army of the Czech Republic is adequately prepared for the threat in the form of weapons of mass destruction. Two hundred and forty professional soldiers from four military units took part in the research survey. The results of the survey were processed into tables and then graphically represented. The conclusion summarizes the issues and knowledge in the field of weapons of mass destruction in the Army of the Czech Republic.
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Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase: cyanide inhibition and role of assembly factor Surf1 defect
Nůsková, Hana ; Drahota, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Kalous, Martin (referee)
The activity of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) can be affected by either exogenous or endogenous factors. The most efficient and in the environment abundant compound that inhibits COX is cyanide. The very frequent cause of COX deficiency in humans is represented by a defect in the SURF1 gene. The mechanism of cyanide inhibitory effect on COX as well as the conditions for its recovery are not yet fully explained. Three parameters of COX function, namely the transport of electrons (oxygen consumption), the transport of protons (mitochondrial membrane potential, m) and the enzyme affinity to oxygen (p50 value), were studied with regard to the inhibition by KCN and its reversal by pyruvate. The function of COX was analysed in intact isolated rat liver mitochondria, both within the respiratory chain and as a sole enzyme, using succinate or an artificial electron donor ascorbate + TMPD as a substrate. 250 M KCN completely inhibited both electron- and proton-transporting function of COX, and this inhibition was reversible as proved with washing of mitochondria. The addition of 60 mM pyruvate induced the maximal recovery of both parameters to 60 - 80 % of original values. Using KCN in the low concentration range up to 5 M, a profound, 30-fold decrease of COX affinity to oxygen was observed....
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Role of therapeutic approach in the treatment outcome, hospital costs, one-year post-hospital medical costs and quality of life in the patients who survived acute methanol poisoning.
Rulíšek, Jan ; Zacharov, Sergej (advisor) ; Máca, Jan (referee) ; Kieslichová, Eva (referee)
(English) Background: Methanol poisoning is severe medical condition with a need of urgent intensive treatment. Mass poisoning outbreak took place in the Czech Republic in 2012-2013. Costs of hospital treatment of methanol poisoning present significant financial burden to healthcare systems. The effect of treatment modality choice on clinical outcome and healthcare costs is not known, as well as its impact on the quality of life of methanol poisoning survivors after hospital discharge. Aim: To compare different therapeutic methods, choice of antidote (fomepizole versus ethanol) and extracorporeal elimination method (intermittent vs. continuous dialysis) for optimizing clinical outcome, cost-effectiveness, hospital costs, post-discharge costs, and the quality of life in survivors. Methods: For prospective cohort study, all patients hospitalized with acute methanol poisoning were included (n=106); for hospital and one-year healthcare costs study, all survivors of acute methanol poisoning (n=83) were included. For longitudinal quality of life study all survivors with informed consent (n=54) and control group of chronic alcohol abusers, age- and gender-balanced, without history of methanol poisoning (n=23), were included. Results: Comparative data of clinical effectiveness of elimination techniques...
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Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase: cyanide inhibition and role of assembly factor Surf1 defect
Nůsková, Hana ; Kalous, Martin (referee) ; Drahota, Zdeněk (advisor)
The activity of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) can be affected by either exogenous or endogenous factors. The most efficient and in the environment abundant compound that inhibits COX is cyanide. The very frequent cause of COX deficiency in humans is represented by a defect in the SURF1 gene. The mechanism of cyanide inhibitory effect on COX as well as the conditions for its recovery are not yet fully explained. Three parameters of COX function, namely the transport of electrons (oxygen consumption), the transport of protons (mitochondrial membrane potential, m) and the enzyme affinity to oxygen (p50 value), were studied with regard to the inhibition by KCN and its reversal by pyruvate. The function of COX was analysed in intact isolated rat liver mitochondria, both within the respiratory chain and as a sole enzyme, using succinate or an artificial electron donor ascorbate + TMPD as a substrate. 250 M KCN completely inhibited both electron- and proton-transporting function of COX, and this inhibition was reversible as proved with washing of mitochondria. The addition of 60 mM pyruvate induced the maximal recovery of both parameters to 60 - 80 % of original values. Using KCN in the low concentration range up to 5 M, a profound, 30-fold decrease of COX affinity to oxygen was observed....
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Intoxication by ethanol or others addictive substances in emergency medicine
KUŠNIERIK, Štěpán
The thesis Intoxication by ethanol or others addictive substances in emergency medicine is divided into two parts dealing respectively with a theoretical and experimental study of drug and alcohol intoxication. The theoretical part deals with treating patients under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This part contains description of addictive drugs and how they influence and are distributed into the human body. The thesis also deals with symptoms of drug intoxication and proposes a treatment method. The task of this thesis was to observe whether urgent care staff has sufficient theoretical knowledge of drug and alcohol intoxication and if they use correct methods while dealing with patients and moreover if they have their own drug experience. The research part was carried out using quantitative method. The data were obtained from a form intended for all medical staff in emergency medical service field (doctors, paramedics, nurses, drivers) and was filled in at different emergency medical service clinics and departments of anesthesiology in Zdravotnická záchranná služba Jihočeského kraje, Zdravotnická záchranná služba Libereckého kraje, Nemocnice Českéch Budějovice and Masarykova městská nemocnice v Jilemnici. The hypothesis states that medical staff is aware of techniques and procedures administered to intoxicated patients - primary medical care and transportation. A few of the medical staff admitted to experimenting with drugs. The results support the hypothesis. I hope this thesis will be helpful not only to medical staff, but also to public and servers as an inspiration to further approaches.
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Means for automatic administration of antidotes (autoinjectors)against nerve agents
JONÁŠ, Jindřich
This thesis is dedicated to the topic of the nerve agents with special emphasis on antidotal treatment utilizing application of the auto-injectors. Two methods were used ? literature research and quantitative research. Since this topic covers plenty of information as regards chemical warfare agents and in particular nerve agents these issues were addressed in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the chapter on current status based on literature resources a summary of evolution of the auto-injector is presented; from firsts notes until the situation today. Practical part of the thesis is concentrated on University of Southern Bohemia in ČeskéBudějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Studies students' knowledge in the area of nerve agents. The results of the research were acquired by the method of quantitative research ? questionnaires with 18 questions. With respect to each of the questions a selection of the 2 to 7 answers was offered to the students, whereas in every case only 1 answer was correct. The results were analyzed both with reference to each of the questions and with reference to each of the students. By this method it has been discovered that the respondents have a good knowledge in the area of nerve agents. Furthermore, the practical part of the thesis included an experiment concerning speed with which the respondents were able to apply antidotum with a training auto-injector by themselves with no prior instructions in comparison to how quickly they were able to do the same after being instructed. By this method were tested the quality of the instructions provided to the auto-injectors and its ergonomic qualities (intuitiveness of its application). Recorded times were statistically analyzed and the results, although materially different, were assessed as satisfactory.
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Arrow poisons, their us in toxicology and medicine
BÁRTOVÁ, Lucie
Abstract The introduction of physiologically and therapeutically effective drugs in anaesthetic treatment has meant a significant change. Their discovery has thus contributed to a minimisation of their negative effects on a living organism. As a result, anaesthesiology has become more controllable and safer. These new drugs translate into more comfort for the patient in the course of anaesthesiology as well as his or her rapid recovery resulting in a shorter period of hospitalisation. The research of new physiologically and therapeutically effective substances is a pre-requisition of a potential higher standard of medical care. Older substances, e.g. Alkuronium and Gallamin, which, due to their undesirable effects, have come out of use, have lost their significance. Nowadays, these substances have been generally replaced by substances with an intermedial effect, e.g. Rokuronium and Cisatrakurium, which, compared with Alkuronium and Gallamin, show a minimum of undesirable effects. One of the foremost objectives of the current pharmaceutical research is to find a replacement of Sukcinylcholin, which, in spite of its known side effects, has had a non-substitutable position in urgent intubation. As a result, its use is limited to out-patient application and a certain selection of patient categories. Let us hope that we shall see a replacement of Sukcinylcholin being introduced in treatment in the near future. This would mean a final solution of problems arising from its side effects limiting its scope of application.
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