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Genetically modified organisms and legal regulation of their use
Kaplán, Martin ; Žákovská, Karolina (advisor) ; Franková, Martina (referee)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse legal regulation of genetically modified organisms ("GMO"). This work consists of seven chapters and focuses especially on differences in regulations of the United States of America ("USA") and European Union ("EU"). While the USA consider GMO equal to other products and have no GMO specific legal norms, the EU regulates GMOs with directives and regulations which set GMO apart from other products. Conclusions are being drawn in last chapter. It is suggested, that the protective and economic approach to the GMOs should be ballanced out on the international law scene, so that the development of biotechnology is not slowed down too much, while safety to human health and environment is guaranteed.
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Precautionary principle and its role in environmental protection
Krabec, Jakub ; Žákovská, Karolina (advisor) ; Sobotka, Michal (referee)
in English The diploma thesis addresses the precautionary principle and its role in environmental protection. In the introduction the author deals with the origins of application of this principle, its definition and its primary characteristics. Precautionary principle is distinguished from prevention principle and differences between terms principle and approach are assessed. Subsequently the thesis describes the current state of incorporation of precautionary principle in the individual areas of environmental protection and specifies the typology of various incorporation methods. Furthermore, significant case law regarding the subject principle is introduced and the current importance of the principle is evaluated. Substantial arguments of precautionary principle critics are also included. In the final part of the thesis, the author outlines de lege ferenda ideas concerning the precautionary principle, including efficient methods of incorporation of the principle, solutions to flaws of current regulations and draft of template provisions of precautionary principle application.
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Genetically modified organisms and legal regulation of their use
Kaplán, Martin ; Žákovská, Karolina (advisor) ; Franková, Martina (referee)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse legal regulation of genetically modified organisms ("GMO"). This work consists of seven chapters and focuses especially on differences in regulations of the United States of America ("USA") and European Union ("EU"). While the USA consider GMO equal to other products and have no GMO specific legal norms, the EU regulates GMOs with directives and regulations which set GMO apart from other products. Conclusions are being drawn in last chapter. It is suggested, that the protective and economic approach to the GMOs should be ballanced out on the international law scene, so that the development of biotechnology is not slowed down too much, while safety to human health and environment is guaranteed.
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A use of epidemiology data for a cancer risk assessment and the recautionary principle
Bencko, Vladimír
The traditional approaches and study designs in cancer epidemiology have not been very successful in identifying and evaluating adequately the potential risk and/or protective factors associated with the disease. The main reasons for the failure are often due to small study sample size, and inadequate exposure information. In this paper, issues and approaches relevant to these two challenges are discussed. Multicentre study is proposed as a way to increase study size and to mitigate criticism about meta-analysis of independent studies. A multicentre study of large cohort or case–control studies also offers an exciting opportunity to study the contribution of epigenetic events that may be associated with life-style and environmental risk factors for human health. Optimizing methods for exposure assessment and how to reduce exposure misclassification represent a difficult component in epidemiology studies. A potentially useful approach for improving exposure estimate is to rely on biomarkers of exposures. An example is provided to demonstrate how biomarkers of exposures could provide valuable information in addition to exposure measurements in traditional epidemiological studies. Finally, it is argued that risk assessment and the precautionary principle should not be viewed as conflicting paradigms but, rather, as a complementary approach for developing appropriate policies to address risks posed by exposure to carcinogens and a wide spectrum of other health hazards.
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Principle of prudence in accounting and taxes
Káňová, Monika ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Janhubová, Jaroslava (referee)
The thesis is focuses on the principle of prudence. Describes in detail the tax and accounting point of view of its instruments. The first chapter is devoted to generally accepted accounting principles and their description. Other chapters have directly target specific tools. At the end of each chapter, which is devoted to the tools of the precautionary principle, are indicative examples.
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Regulation of GMOs in the European Union
Křivánek, Michal ; Grmelová, Nicole (advisor) ; Vavrečka, Jan (referee)
The focal point of this thesis is the regulation of genetically modified organisms in the European Union. The objective of the thesis is to provide an overview and analysis of the legal framework governing the deliberate release into the environment and placing on the market of genetically modified organisms as well as the issue of genetically modified food and feed. Another aim of the thesis is to suggest necessary modifications of the legal framework based on the analysis. The first part discusses the nature and examines the extent of the use of genetic modification and the characteristics and possibilities of genetically modified organisms while keeping in mind their potential as well as the danger to human health and the environment they might pose. The second part inquires into the regulation of genetically modified organisms as such, compares the basic principles laid down therein with the state of scientific knowledge of genetically modified organisms, assesses their adequacy and suggests amendments that would be appropriate to adopt.
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