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Laboratory exercises: Dispersion in optical fibers
Bilek, Maroš ; Klíčník, Ondřej (referee) ; Münster, Petr (advisor)
This thesis first addresses the theoretical analysis of optical fiber transmissions with a focus on the dispersions occurring in optical fibers. Chromatic and polarization mode dispersion are described in detail, including their origin, impact on the transmitted signal, and measurement methods. Based on the theoretical analysis of measurement methods, two were selected for application in the practical part of the thesis, specifically for designing measuring setups for laboratory exercises. The designed setups were practically implemented on several types of fibers with different lengths. The measured values corresponded with predicted theoretical values and met the limit values of the tested fibers. The main output of this thesis consists of two laboratory exercises focused on chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. These laboratory exercise designs include a brief theoretical analysis of the respective dispersion, specify the necessary limit values and characteristics of the dispersions for evaluating correct results, and implement the measurement method setups for both dispersions. Specifically, these are the pulse delay method for chromatic dispersion and the fixed analyzer method for polarization mode dispersion.
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The Influence of the Type of Electrodes on the Biological Impedance Measurement
Prokopyeva, Elena
Electric impedance during meat storage can be affected by various processes: microbial growth, changing of ions mobility, structural changes, etc. Impedance of biological tissues is frequency dependent. The aim of current study is to determine and evaluate the impedance properties of pork meat using two types of electrodes. Measurements were performed during three days in frequency range 100 Hz ÷ 1 MHz.
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Dispersion measurements of optical transmissions.
Motúz, Rastislav ; Urban, František (referee) ; Filka, Miloslav (advisor)
This thesis firstly theoretically describes phenomena which appear in optical fiber transmission. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with linear and non-linear phenomena, and later on proceeds to dispersions with a more significant effect on the optical transmission quality. It puts polarization to the centre of the phenomenon called Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which is the main object of our interest. It leads to a deep PMD description from the point of view of polarization states, limit values, compensation methods, and methods of measurement. The practical part of this thesis deals with a draft of PMD measurement via Fixed Analyzer method. For the purposes of this measurement, we used the optical spectral analyzer MS9740A. In order to compare measured values, the proposed idea then proceeds to the reference measurement by using a modular platform EXFO FTB--200 in combination with CD/PMD module EXFO FTB-5700. Results of measurements have been evaluated for the limit values defined by the standard. In the last chapter of this thesis, the reference measurements are compared to the Fixed Analyzer method. All the advantages and disadvantages of individual measurement methods are identified at the end of this chapter too.
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The impact of polarization mode dispersion on error-rate of optical fibre link
Dorociak, Petr ; Křivánek, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
Master’s thesis engages in the impact of polarization mode dispersion on optical communication system. Polarization mode dispersion is mathematically described by Stoke’s and Jone’s space and ensure the theoretic causes of the rise of polarization mode dispersion that are divided on the external and internal effects. On the basis of these effects grow up a differential group delay (DGD) which makes causes that individual polarization modes have between them a time delay and limitation of maximum bit rate. Then master´s thesis analyses the influence of the polarization mode dispersion on the pulse enlargement and on the modulation signal. In this work, there are described the most applicated optical modulation formats. Polarization mode dispersion has also influence on the bit error rate of optical fibre link and closing of eye diagram too. Eye diagram is used to view the transmission characteristics and diagnoses the channel errors. Eye diagram is connected with the definitions as a bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that are explained in this work too. Following the gained experiences it was designed an useful graphic interface to display the effect of the polarization mode dispersion on the transmitted signal. Realization of the graphic interface is created in the program MATLAB. In Matlab-Simulink are created six models according to the kind of modulations with characteristic AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. Program was tested for a typical values. In all calculations it is counted only with the losses that are caused by the polarization mode dispersion. It is not calculated with the losses that are caused by a chromatic dispersion and attenuation. At the end of this work are evaluated all types of modulation formats depending on the polarization mode dispersion, optical fibre length, price and complexity of the realization. Atteined results of my master’s thesis are compared with two foreign articles.
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The audit methology of optical networks
Štěpán, Petr ; Münster, Petr (referee) ; Reichert, Pavel (advisor)
This work deals with summary of optical system audit in the terms of all layer of the reference model ISO/OSI. Introduction of the work focuses on exploring issues of management networks control, the description of ISO/OSI model and explanation of the terms QoS and SLAs. The description of the optical fiber transmission follows after that. The characteristics of the waveguide and optical communication system components with regard to its reliable operation and management are analyzed. Some major types of optical networks are described. Following section contains a description of methods used in the audit, further the methods for measuring physical, connection and network layer of the reference model are discussed more thoroughly. The work also contains a partial analysis of the audit of the physical layer of the selected section of the Brno academic network optical line. Of all these methods for networks control the final audit report for the optical network with selected limits is compiled as a conclusion of the work.
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Modeling of surface waves
Zgabaj, Martin ; Haluza, Miloslav (referee) ; Franců, Jan (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis presents the derivation of basic characteristics of surface waves which includes the dispersion relation, the shape of the wave, the phase velocity, the group velocity and the movement of water particle. Thesis deals with both deep-water waves and shallow-water waves. Derived characteristics are examined in both cases. In the last part of thesis there are specific examples of those two types of waves.
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Effect of sub-micrometer structural features on rheology of polymer nanocomposites
Lepcio, Petr ; Chodák,, Ivan (referee) ; doc.Ing.Marián Lehocký, Ph.D. (referee) ; Jančář, Josef (advisor)
Polymerní nanokompozity (PNCs) mají slibnou budoucnost jako lehké funkční materiály zpracovatelné aditivními výrobními technologiemi. Jejich rychlému rozšíření však brání silná závislost jejich užitných vlastností na prostorovém uspořádání nanočástic (NP). Schopnost řídit disperzi nanočástic je tak klíčovým předpokladem pro jejich uplatnění ve funkčních kompozitech. Tato práce zkoumá přípravu polymerních nanokompozitů v modelové sklotvorné polymerní matrici roztokovou metodou, technikou schopnou vytvářet prostorové uspořádání nanočástic řízené strukturními a kinetickými parametry přípravného procesu. Prezentované výsledky popisují rozdíly mezi změnami rheologického chování roztoku polystyrenu při oscilačním smyku s vysokou amplitudou (LAOS) vyvolanými nanočásticemi. Výsledky vedou k závěru, že vysoce-afinní OP-POSS nanočástice při nízkých koncentracích dobře interagují s PS a tvoří tuhé agregáty, zatímco nízko-afinní OM-POSS nanočástice za těchto podmínek neovlivňují deformační chování polymerních řetězců. Dále byla pozornost zaměřena na vliv použitého rozpouštědla na uspořádání nanočástic v SiO2/PMMA a SiO2/PS nanokompozitech, který je v literatuře prezentován jako parametr řídící prostorové uspořádání nanočástic v pevném stavu. Důraz byl kladen na kvalitativní rozdíly mezi „špatně dispergovanými“ shluky nanočástic, které byly na základě rheologie a strukturální analýzy (TEM, USAXS) identifikovány jako polymerními řetězci vázané nanočásticové klastry a dva typy agregátů, jeden termodynamického a druhý kinetického původu. Jednotlivé druhy agregátů se vyznačují odlišnými kinetikami vzniku a rozdílnými vlastnostmi jak mezi sebou, tak v porovnání s dispergovanými nanočásticemi. Pozorované typy disperze nanočástic byly kvantitativně posouzeny podle svých rheologických vlastností během roztokové přípravy, podle kterých byla vyhodnocena míra adsorpce polymeru na povrch nanočástic a atrakce ve vypuzeném objemu. Výsledky byly porovnány s teorií PRISM. Důležitost uspořádání nanočástic byla demonstrována na porovnání teplot skelných přechodů různých struktur při stejném chemickém složení.
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Transparent polycrystalline ceramics at visible and infrared wavelenghts
Veselý, Jan ; Maca, Karel (referee) ; Trunec, Martin (advisor)
his thesis deals with preparation of transparent ceramic sheets made out of sub-µm alumina powder. Green bodies are prepared by ultraviolet (UV) curing of UV curable resin containing ceramic powder followed by debinding of organic parts at elevated temperature. High relative density of green bodies is essential for reduction of shrinkage during subsequent sintering process. Therefore high solids loading dispersions containing > 57 vol% ceramic particles are used. To reach transparent behaviour, porosity within the sheets must be reduced completely. Therefore hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used as a final operation. Finally, light transmission and hardness measurements are presented. Possibilities of making high resolution microstructures using maskless lithography and some suggestions for use of the UV curing technique for production of complex-shaped 3D structures are briefly mentioned.
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Nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers
Burian, Radek ; Horváth, Tomáš (referee) ; Münster, Petr (advisor)
The subject of this thesis is to describe nonlinear phenomena in the optic fiber. The theoretical part describes a principle of transmission in optical fibers. Optics modules, fibers and their parameters are described marginally. Except nonlinear phenomena, there is also described linear phenomena such as attenuation, dispersion, scattering. In terms of nonlinear phenomena there is described second order phenomena such as Second harmonic generation (SHG), Sum and difference harmonic generation (SFG and DFG) and third order phenomena, such as Kerr effect, Third harmonic generation (THG), Four-wave mixing (FWM) and Cross phase modulation (XPM). There are also described nonlinear scattering, such as Raman´s and Brillouin´s scattering. The Four-wave mixing is simulated in the first half of the practical part. Four-wave mixing occurs in DWMD systems, where can invoke cross-talks between channels. In the second half of the practical part is measured this nonlinear phenomenon. The aim of the measurement is to understand the behaviour of the FWM and find the way how to eliminate its power. The Four-wave mixing measurement is based on the simulation. Second measurement is designed for Brillouin scattering. The conclusion from simulated and laboratory part from both measurements are compared with theoretical knowledge.
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Design of optical fiber sensor for vibration detection
Janoušek, Adam ; Münster, Petr (referee) ; Dejdar, Petr (advisor)
The master theses deals with a detailed analysis of optical fiber sensors. Specifically, there are discussed optical fibers, various types of sensors and realization optical fiber senzor and senzor system that has been optimized and processed data in real time. In master theses also describes the LabView programming enviroment and uses components, including the entire sensor systém of a sensors system that sends measured data
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