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Transaction dealing with claims from the perspective
Zítka, Luboš ; Vondráčková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Novotný, Petr (referee)
Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou transakcí s pohledávkami v daňovém právu a to se zaměřením na postoupení a vklady pohledávek a poskytuje ucelený pohled na danou oblast, jak z pohledu obecné právní úpravy, tak z pohledu finančněprávních norem. Problematika je řešena nejdříve v obecné části, kde jsou vymezeny základní právní normy a pojmy v dané oblasti spojené s pohledávkami. Vzhledem k rekodifikaci soukromého práva účinné počínaje 1. lednem 2014 jsou rovněž analyzovány změny, které přináší nový občanský zákoník a zákon o obchodních korporacích. Rovněž je pojednáno o ekonomických aspektech možných způsobů (forfaiting, faktoring, vklad) financování prostřednictvím pohledávek. V aplikační části diplomové práce jsou analyzovány jednotlivé právní normy daňového práva z pohledu zvoleného tématu s hlavním zaměřením na zákon o daních z příjmů, který obsahuje nejobsáhlejší úpravu a pokrývá velké množství odlišných situací v případě transakcí s pohledávkami (např. speciální režim pro obchodníky s pohledávkami). Vzhledem k otevřenosti české ekonomiky jsou rovněž rozebírány daňové implikace v případě účasti daňových nerezidentů na transakcích s pohledávkami. Ekonomická realita se vyvíjí velmi rychle a daňová legislativa nemusí být vždy schopna reflektovat tyto změny včas, proto je velmi...
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The Problem of Acquisition of State Territory
Antoš, Jakub ; Romancov, Michael (advisor) ; Riegl, Martin (referee)
This Bachelor thesis "The problem of acquisition of state territory" is concerned with the modes of acquisition of state territory at present and in the past. The first part of the thesis introduces the definition criteria, as is explained by the modern public international law, and makes reference to international treaties, which codified these criteria. The second part clarifies the three-dimensional scope of state territory (terrestrial space, air-space and sub- terrestrial space), as well as it outlines the classification of state territory according to their size and shape. The main part of the thesis is devoted to individual modes of territory acquisition - original (effective occupation, accession, accretion) as well as derivative (cession, prescription, adjudication, annexation). The thesis presents specific examples of every above mentioned mode. In the case of accession, it is shown on the volcanic island Sabrina in the Atlantic Ocean, dating back to 1811; accretion is described by the example of Macao in far-east Asia; cession is demonstrated by the case of Alaska, purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867. Prescription and adjudication are shown via the case of Las Palmas Island next to the Philippines archipelago. Finally, the thesis briefly mentions annexation, which is...
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Overdue receivables in tax records and in bookkeeping
Svobodová, Barbora ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Janhubová, Jaroslava (referee)
This thesis aims at describing and exploring the options for taxpayers, how to deal with receivables overdue, and also focuses on the extent of tax deductibility of these adjustments. In the first part, it deals with general concept of debt, debt settlement options and tools how to prevent expiration of their maturity. In the following section the thesis deals with the adjustments of profit to the tax base limited to modifications that are associated with receivables overdue. Another aim is to highlight the fact that unpaid debts bring, it is not only a financial loss of its failure to pay, but there is also the tax burden. This work is advice on how to get rid of this burden, even if only partially. The work not only describes the possibilities of tax optimization, but also alludes to more complicated areas that are still in dispute due to the existence of several possible ways to post. In the last chapter, the work is enriched with practical cases, when taxpayers did not follow the established rules. This is a cassation complaint related to claims, which were resolved by the Supreme Administrative Court in recent years.
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Analysis of receivables management in selected business entity
KOŘÁNKOVÁ, Romana
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to evaluate the claims management in the economic entity and focus on the bad debts. The work was focused on short-term debts because the company providing the information does not have long-term debts. The theoretical part deals with the general management of receivables before and after maturity. This part explains the creation, valuation, extinction and billing of claims and is focused on overdue receivables and their solutions - cession, exaction of debts and write-off. The practical part focuses on the management of debt in the company. First there is an analysis - turnover of receivables, receivables turnover rate, liquidity and subsequent comparison of indicators in individual years. Next part of this work compares the selected firm with a competitor in the same transport sector. Then this work shows the accounting of receivables and management of overdue receivables, which are dealt with external company, lawyers and courts. The company has a large number of claims (before maturity and after maturity). It should try to reduce them, for example, by requiring advance or offer discounts at fast payment.
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Claims and income tax
BENDOVÁ, Markéta
Claims are special kind of property. They are tangible property, where its owner has limited possibilities of its exploitation. They ae property, which is bailed to another person without compensation. Claims are interest-free commercial credit granted to a debtor. High share of claims in total circulating property can affect negatively on trend of conditions for economic activity. Claims tie sources necessary to acquisition stock needful for production or business activity. In case of irrecoverable claims is possible to reach indirect reduction their evaluation in accounting by way of adjusting items. Claims are the only property, where is creation of adjustment on fulfilment of a condition tax deductible cost. On the limiation of claim do not arise obligation for creditor to eliminate claim from the property. Creditor can willingly decide of elimination of claim anytime. On fulfilment of conditions fixed in the Income Tax Act is junk value of claim tax deductible. When the lawful conditions are not fulfiled, in the case of claim retirement is not the cost incurred by the write-off tax deductible. Here is also the possibility to transfer a debt to another person. In this way is danger of default of payment eliminated. Achievement of claim settlement is also possible by inclusion mutual claims between creditor and debtor.
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The debts from a law, accounting and tax aspekt in a conditions of the Czech republic
RADOŠOVSKÁ, Šárka
From an economic point of view the claims mean a capital part of a company. They are a special part of intangible property and a treatment with them mean very complicated juristic, accounting and tax probems. The claim means a reason of creditor to urge to debitor a charge of definite engagement. Ever business subject can secure the discharge of the engagement by the help of a security instrument, for example of an advance, a right of lien, a penalty, a liability etc. When the claim will become after all these precautions the overdue claim, the creditor must face up to costs of their recovery, for example by the help of a forfaiting, a factoring, a eviction recovery, a bilateral cleaning of claims etc. The overdue claims we can depreciace or create discretionary entries on them under the rule of law or of bylaw. The company should realize all these facts and keep a general and consistent register of claims. The register is an objectives of this work.
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