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Breast cancer immunohistochemistry
HYŽÍKOVÁ, Sabina
In my bachelor thesis I deal with imunohistochemical examination of breast cancer. I performed the research at the Department of pathology at the hospital in Písek. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part In the theoretical part I deal with anatomical structure of the breast, clinical symptoms, diagnostics together with imaging methods. Next risk factors, including genetic and hormonal aspects of breast cancer. Prognosis and also by prevention of tumor development and subsequent treatment of this disease. I summarized the general classification of tumors representing staging and grading. I also described pathological structures of the breast as benign and malignant lesions. In the practical part I deal with the description of the immunohistochemical method, I focused on how the method works and especially how the whole histological process looks like. I worked with a total amount of 218 biopsy samples of breast tissue, which were subsequently stained with this method and I determined 5 markers (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER-2/Neu, Ki67 and E-cadherin), which were used in their diagnosis. Based on the negativity of ER, PR and HER-2/Neu, I evaluated fourteen triple-negative lesions. Hormone receptors showed numerous positive results more than negative ones, while HER-2/Neu expression showed only slightly higher positivity in hundred and twenty two cases compared to the remaining ninety six negative cases. The results of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was finding, that the most prevalent histologic subtype of breast cancer is the invasive ductal carcinoma, which was represented in one hundred and ninety two cases, another type was invasive lobular carcinoma represented in twenty two cases and six ductal carcinoma in situ. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to present a brief description of the issue of breast cancer and point out the representation of the most frequently diagnosed subtypes as well as to describe the execution of a method that is typical for detecting breast cancer-associated receptors.
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Development of individual swimming styles from the first modern Olympic Games to the present
Kulhánek, Jakub ; Svobodová, Irena (advisor) ; Hrabinec, Jiří (referee)
The aim is to map the development of techniques of swimming for the period from 1896 to the present. The work will also outline changes to the rules swimming. Key words swimming styles, breast, crawl, backstroke, dolphin swimmer, Olympic games, development, rules of swimming
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Physiotherapeutic procedures affecting muscular dysbalance in patients after mastectomy
SUCHANOVÁ, Pavla
This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of muscle dysbalance in patients after mastectomy and the possible impact of some physiotherapuetic methods and excercises. The most common issues that plague post-mastectomy patients are upper-crossed syndrome and range of motion limitations in the affected shoulder. The muscle dysbalance in them may be caused by the chirurgical intervention when the breast is removed. This afflicts the soft tissue in chest and the shoulder girdle. The muscle dysbalance is accompained by pain cervical spine and thoracic spine. This shows that some muscles are contracted and in higher tension and the other are weakened. The muscles that should provide protective support to girdles and spine do not function sufficiently and are not able to keep the balance. The movement is made uneconomically and consequently some muscles are overload. The thesis consists of two parts, a theoretical one and a practical one. The theoretical part describes the muscle anatomy, muscle dysbalance and the impact of physiotherapuetic methods as well as the diagnostics outline. The practical part is based on qualitative research. With the help of three casuistries it informs about the positive impact of physiotheraphy of muscle dysbalance in patients after mastectomy based on kinesiologic examination and the endeavour at influencing this dysbalance with the help of a combination of chosen physiotherapeutic methods.
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Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013
Maláková, Kateřina ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kohoutová, Barbora (referee)
Sex-specific analysis of mortality for malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic in the years 1994-2013 Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyze and describe the evolution of mortality due to malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2013 and to study mortality of malignant neoplasms by sexes in detail in the chosen spatial and temporal distribution for the purpose of identifying possible factors which can have an influence on differences between men and women. This thesis deals with mortality from selected causes of death in the malignant neoplasms in addition to the analysis of mortality for the whole group of malignant tumours. There was used standardized mortality rate as the main indicator of mortality and the probability of death by age and decomposition of the difference in life expectancy at birth by cause of death and age between 1994 and 2013 were also used as a more detailed analysis of mortality. During the reported period standardized mortality rate decreased for the whole group of malignant neoplasms and for most particular causes of death for both sexes. It was also found that the differences between men and women are rather decreasing, but for some causes of death such as malignant neoplasm of colon, malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lungs, and malignant neoplasm...
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After Care post Breast Augmenteition
Gandiová, Petra ; Hošťálková, Monika (advisor) ; Pírková, Vendula (referee)
The bachelor's thesis is focused on the nursing care of the women after a breast augmentation with silicon implants, which is the most required procedure in the aesthetic plastic surgery. In the last decades the plastic and aesthetic surgery comes to the forefront, various operational techniques are being developed. After this surgery the nursing care is very important for the good healing process and a successful result of the intervention. The theoretical part of the thesis describes not only the plastic surgery and breast augmentation in general, but also its historical development worldwide and in the Czech Republic. The anatomy and evolution of breasts is mentioned too, and a small part of silicon implants. In the theoretical part it is described everything from the preoperative preparation, postoperative care to the education of the patients in separate chapters. In the empirical part there is a quantitative investigation in form of a self-structured survey. The aim was to find out the reason for the decision to undergo an augmentation, to ascertain what the decisive factor for the respondents is when they choose the health institute and the operating surgeon and the last aim was to find out what information the patients have about the augmentation and its dangers. Based on the detected...
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Development of individual swimming styles from the first modern Olympic Games to the present
Kulhánek, Jakub ; Svobodová, Irena (advisor) ; Hrabinec, Jiří (referee)
The aim is to map the development of techniques of swimming for the period from 1896 to the present. The work will also outline changes to the rules swimming. Key words swimming styles, breast, crawl, backstroke, dolphin swimmer, Olympic games, development, rules of swimming
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Informing Women About Breast Cancer Issues
Strnisková, Aneta ; Pavlíková, Pavla (advisor) ; Fanta, Michael (referee)
The work has theoretical and empirical character. The theoretical part deals with general introduction to the anatomy and development of female breast, here are shown some risk factors for breast cancer, its prevention, symptoms and current possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The last chapter deals with the after treatment care and psychosocial aspects. The goal of the empirical part is to uncover the awareness of women about breast cancer issues and how women follow the prevention of breast cancer. To accomplish the research I used a quantitative questionnaire method. The sample consisted of 100 respondents. According to the research it is clear that most women believe that they are sufficiently informed about the issue of breast cancer, but only 15% of the respondents correctly identified the symptoms of breast cancer, 31% of women surveyed knew the basic preventive examinations in this disease. The research also shows that more than 50% of the women perform self-examination of the breasts and more than 90% of the respondents had visited their gynecologist. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting women in the Czech Republic, and women should be informed on this issue as much as possible. The sooner the disease is caught, the more favorable is prognoz. Keywords:...
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A multidisciplinary team in the care of woman with the breast cancer
LIŇHOVÁ, Romana
I have chosen the following topic for my thesis "The multidisciplinary team in the care for women suffering from breast cancer" not only due to the topicality of the issue, but mainly because I work in a surgery ward where I take care of women suffering from this disease. It is a sad fact that during my tenure in this department, the number of women with this disease has been increasing and their age has been dropping. Modern diagnostic methods determine the diagnosis and a multidisciplinary team suggests the most suitable and efficient treatment. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the definition of the term 'multidisciplinary team', with its tasks and it also specifies which members of the medical staff belong to the team and what their role is. The theoretical part of the thesis further describes breast tumors, methods of their identification and their treatment, complex nursing care for women suffering from breast cancer and last but not least the importance of prevention. Two objectives were determined within the thesis. The first one was to discover whether a multidisciplinary team is involved in the care for women suffering from oncological breast disease. The other objective was to discover what consequences does the oncological breast disease have on women´s lives in connection with nursing care. Based on these objectives three research questions were identified: How does the multidisciplinary team cooperate in the care for women suffering from breast cancer? What roles does a nurse have within a multidisciplinary team dealing with breast cancer from patients' point of view? What is the most frequent impact of breast cancer on women´s life from the point of view of patients? The thesis was made as a qualitative research. For the purpose of obtaining data, the method of a semi-structured interview was applied. Interviews were recorded in a voice recorder and subsequently converted into writing. The interviews form a significant research base from which categorization and sub-categorization fields are created. The research group comprised eight women in whom breast cancer had been diagnosed and who were hospitalized in the surgery ward in February 2014.
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Physiotherapy at Patiens after Breast Cancer
POCHOPOVÁ, Jana
The breast cencer is the world's most common cancer among women. It affects about 6 % of them and it is registered approximately 600 thousand new cases of the disease every year. The situation is not so satisfactory as well in the Czech Republic. It has been contained about 6500 new cases a year in recent years and about 2000 women die of this disease. The breast cancer is one of the disease which unfortunately can not be predicted or prevented. Despite this it is a type of cancer which can lead in most cases to cure the patient if it is soon detected. It is used the self-examination method for the soon detection of cancer which women should regularly realize and especially mammography screening. The treatment of breast cancer is linked to the emergence of certain problems that complicate subsequent convalescence of the patient. If it appears there are options how to fight them. It can be also prevented or at least significantly reduced. The issue of breast cancer is still very actual and it is the reason why I chose topic "Patients' physiotherapy after breast cancer treatment." for this bachelor thesis. This work consists of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts related to cancer, its development and anatomy. It also deals with the issue of breast cancer from etiology of the disease, the influence of risk factors and diagnosis to therapy. It also describes the risk of postoperative complications related to surgical procedure on the breast and removal lymph node and the possibility prevent these problems or fight effectively with appropriate therapy. Practical part of work includes monitoring of postoperative changes on patients with surgical procedure on breast and the therapy description focused on the prevention of formation of complications linked to surgical procedure or removal of already existing problems. The collection of primary data was carried out qualitative way through case studies, it was chosen the methodology of interview, observation (kinesiology analysis) and analysis of personal health documents. The research group consisted of two patients diagnosed with breast cancer who underwent surgical procedure at the Department of Surgery Hospitals Czech Budejovice, a. s. The goal in this work was determined to describe the effect of physiotherapy in the prevention of postoperative problems related to surgical procedure for cancer removal. Together with the aim of work the following research question was determined: What are the contributions of physiotherapy in the prevention of postoperative symptoms in patients with breast cancer? In both patients the therapy managed to achieve a functional and painless movement of the shoulder joint and the upper limbs on the affected side, free mobility in the thoracic region and improved breathing stereotype. There has been a release of abbreviated and strengthening of weak muscle groups. We also managed to release the postoperative scars, while the patients were instructed how to treat them in the future. Contribution physiotherapy is therefore positive. Patients were also educated on the need for regular exercise even after warming up arms and got recommendations for the care of the upper limb, diet, hygiene, sports or doing housework. The results of the research part showed that the implementation of physiotherapy in patients after surgery for breast cancer has a positive effect in the prevention of postoperative complications, thereby has accomplished the goal of the work. Bachelor thesis will be used by physiotherapists for completion of information about the possibilities of rehabilitation after breast cancer treatment and also as educational material for patients and others interested in this issue.
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