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Host Specialization and Evolution of Cuckoo Behavior in Bees
Policarová, Jana ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Orr, Michael Christopher (referee) ; Litman, Jessica (referee)
Cuckoo bees are nest parasites of solitary and sometimes also social bee species. They do not build their own nests. Nor do they provision their larvae. Instead, they seek out a suitable host nest to lay their eggs in, and their larvae then feed on the host's provisions. In this doctoral thesis, I examined the host specialization of cuckoo bee species. I focused on the evolution of host specialization of cuckoo bees and factors which may limit their host choice - specifically whether and how are cuckoo bees affected by host food specialization. Answering these questions required phylogenetic reconstruction of several cuckoo bee lineages. We produced the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the tribe Sphecodini (Halictidae) and revised the taxonomy of the lineages Neolarrini, Biastini and Townsendiellini (Apidae), merging them into a single tribe Neolarrini. Lastly, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the mainly Palaearctic species of the genus Nomada, on the basis of which we divided the Nomada species into 13 subgenera. The mapping of ancestral character states showed that cuckoo bees of the genus Sphecodes change hosts quite frequently during evolution and are able to switch to phylogenetically distant hosts from different families. It also appears that there is no evolutionary trend towards...
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Pollinator movement and orientation at small spatial scales
Matoušková, Eva ; Janovský, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Pollination is interesting andcomplex interaction between insects and plants which is essential for a wide spectrum of plants and animals. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) are one of the most common pollinators in the Central Europe and are mostly involved in pollination of local plants. To maintain pollination, it is necessary the movement of pollinator from one flower of a specific species to another flower of the same species. This movement is affected by a number of factors based on both the environmental and pollinator traits. The aim of this work is to explore the nature of traits affecting pollinator flight between plants on small spatial scales, to classify the knowledge about the influence of pollinator and ambient effects to compare the differences between hoverflies and bees and suggest further possible fields of research. Keywords: pollination, hoverflies, bees, Syrphidae, Anthophila, movement
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Apidofauna v podmínkách druhově bohatých porostů genetických zdrojů pro potřeby opylení zelenin a speciálních plodin
Vládek, Aleš
The aim of the bachelor work was perform a literary research on pollination of especially horticultural and other special crops in relation to the influences of the environment that influence the formation of bee comunities. Scientific knowledge pair up with present pollinizing needs for not only horticulture crops and Apoidea populations monitor in genetical resources of plants of Výzkumném ústavu rostlinné výroby and neighbouring control areas in Olomouc. Eight Apoidea monitorigs were made from June to September in 2016. Results have shown a direct dependence between the richness of the flowering plant species and the richness of the bee species and the equally important importance of the nesting site. The cultivation of many entomophilous plants and the good management of the area is supported by the pollination of cultural and wild plants.
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Pollinator movement and orientation at small spatial scales
Matoušková, Eva ; Janovský, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Pollination is interesting andcomplex interaction between insects and plants which is essential for a wide spectrum of plants and animals. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) are one of the most common pollinators in the Central Europe and are mostly involved in pollination of local plants. To maintain pollination, it is necessary the movement of pollinator from one flower of a specific species to another flower of the same species. This movement is affected by a number of factors based on both the environmental and pollinator traits. The aim of this work is to explore the nature of traits affecting pollinator flight between plants on small spatial scales, to classify the knowledge about the influence of pollinator and ambient effects to compare the differences between hoverflies and bees and suggest further possible fields of research. Keywords: pollination, hoverflies, bees, Syrphidae, Anthophila, movement
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Pollination efficiency as a function of plant spatial aggregation and pollinator functional traits
Štenc, Jakub ; Janovský, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Pollen transfer between zoogamous plants is strongly influenced by spatial structure of plant population and functional traits of its vectors - pollinators. Spatial structure of plants can be described by attributes that may affect pollen transfer, such as population size, density, aggregation and composition of surrounding plants. Both the main pollintor groups and individual pollinators differ in pollen transfer distance, pollen carry-over capacity, food specialisation, preferences and sensoric abilities. Due to these differences, they vary in impact on pollen transfer in a different spatial structure of plant population. Understanding the impact of individual attributes of both of these components and their influence on pollination can help us to get a better idea of how sexual reproduction works at the plant population level. Key words pollination, plant-pollinator interactions, spatial structure of population, pollen transfer, pollinators, sexual reproduction of plants
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