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The relationship between body dimensions and locomotion in human and other hominins
Fedrová, Johana ; Struška, Michal (advisor) ; Vážná, Anna (referee)
We work with estimates of body weights and dimensions of hominins derived from fossil finds. The reliability of the estimate is important for calculations related to thermoregulation and energetics of the individual. The termoregulation of individual is influenced by number of factors including breathing type, sweating ability, body hair, type of locomotion, size of limbs to size of body ratio. Hair loss allows for greater heat loss. The ability to sweat and thermoregulate in hominins is more important for running than for walking. Heat loss is influenced by the trunk breath and the distal limb element lenght. Body shape in the current human population conforms to Allen's rule. Populations living closer to the equator show smaller bi-iliac width and longer limbs relative to body size. This trend can be observed in hominins. The cost of locomotion, the cost needed to travel a given distance in a given time, is affected by the lower limb lenght. Longer lower limbs reduce this cost, they allow to cover the distance using fewer steps. Each step is more costly because more muscle power is needed to move the longer limb. The step lenght and the optimal movement speed of the individual is proportional to the individual's stature. Man excels in the ability of bipedal locomotion, which Australopithecus...
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The current state of physical activity and the development of motor skills in present children
Briššová, Barbora ; Vážná, Anna (advisor) ; Struška, Michal (referee)
Over the last few decades, due to changes in society, whether in the urbanization, technology or other factors, sedentary lifestyle has increased. Children and adolescents spend their free time on their mobile devices, watching television or using other electronics. The current state of physical activity of both Czech children and children in the world is very alarming, as shown by results from the Global Matrix project, where was observed that only one third of the world's population complies with daily recommendations for physical activity. Within the Czech Republic, the Czech School Inspectorate's project also investigated the level of physical fitness of Czech children and adolescents, and the possibilities they are given within the school for the development of their movement. The results were also not satisfactory. Lack of movement can lead to the development of chronic diseases or poorly fixed skeletal structures, and it also contributes to the development of obesity. This is a very significant and serious problem that needs to be given more attention. This work provides an overview of motor skills and physical activity, in general, within development, as well as an overview of the current state in the population of children and possible methods of monitoring, as well as possible...
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Evolutionary hypotheses of obesity origin
Dundr, Matěj ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Vážná, Anna (referee)
Obesity is a major social, ecological, economic and health problem of today's civilization. Humans evolved to adapt to a different environment than the one they live in today, had more exercise and consumed natural food sources. The imbalance in energy intake and expenditure that we observe in today's human populations is the most likely cause of obesity. However, this work will deal with a less discussed view of the origin of obesity, namely the possible explanation of the origin of obesity with evolutionary hypotheses. The work will also try to evaluate and discuss, based on a comparison of the available literature, whether these hypotheses could really clarify the origin of obesity at the global level. In the beginning of the thesis, we present the problem of obesity, its prevalence in the population and comorbidities associated with obesity. The next section describes the diagnosis of obesity, followed by a section on the history of obesity. The main part is devoted to the evolutionary hypotheses of obesity, namely the adaptation to frugality hypothesis, the genetic drift hypothesis and then other ecological- behavioral hypotheses and their evaluation. In conclusion, the work summarizes that the described hypotheses could be useful for clarifying the difference in obesity prevalence between...
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Sarcopenia as a marker of severity of Parkinson's disease
Vážná, Anna ; Růžička, Evžen (advisor) ; Dušek, Petr (referee)
The major focus of our study is use of the presence of sarcopenia as a marker for identification of Parkinson's disease in patients with RBD (REM sleep behaviour disorder). This intention is based on higher incidence of sarcopenia in patients with Parkinson's disease. We also evaluated connection of severity of Parkinson's disease and sarcopenia. In theoretical part of our thesis we present separately sarcopenia, Parkinson's disease and RBD for better understanding of these diseases and their connection. Our measurements of sarcopenia were based on literature review. We followed common approach of three component model of diagnosis of sarcopenia. Physical performance was evaluated based on gait characteristics. Low muscle strength was measured with handheld dynamometer. For estimation of body composition, we used two methods which were bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. In our research we measured these components in total on 72 males. This cohort was divided into three groups based on diagnosis. There were 32 patients with Parkinson's disease, 28 patients with RBD and 12 probands in control group. Based on our findings we defined suitable parameters and cut-off points for identification of sarcopenia as a marker of Parkinson's disease. In group of patients with Parkinson's disease...
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Sarcopenia as a marker of severity of Parkinson's disease
Vážná, Anna ; Růžička, Evžen (advisor) ; Dušek, Petr (referee)
The major focus of our study is use of the presence of sarcopenia as a marker for identification of Parkinson's disease in patients with RBD (REM sleep behaviour disorder). This intention is based on higher incidence of sarcopenia in patients with Parkinson's disease. We also evaluated connection of severity of Parkinson's disease and sarcopenia. In theoretical part of our thesis we present separately sarcopenia, Parkinson's disease and RBD for better understanding of these diseases and their connection. Our measurements of sarcopenia were based on literature review. We followed common approach of three component model of diagnosis of sarcopenia. Physical performance was evaluated based on gait characteristics. Low muscle strength was measured with handheld dynamometer. For estimation of body composition, we used two methods which were bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry. In our research we measured these components in total on 72 males. This cohort was divided into three groups based on diagnosis. There were 32 patients with Parkinson's disease, 28 patients with RBD and 12 probands in control group. Based on our findings we defined suitable parameters and cut-off points for identification of sarcopenia as a marker of Parkinson's disease. In group of patients with Parkinson's disease...
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