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Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and spatial navigation
Dostálová, Magdalena ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Jiruška, Přemysl (referee)
Hundreds to thousands of new granule neurons are born every day in the hippocampus within the whole life. Inspite of intensive research of the last decades, their function remains unclear. Their participation in spatial memory and the ability of orientation is assumed. Results from behavioral tests like the Morris water maze, the radial maze and many other testing tasks, are often contradictory. Nevertheless, it is highly probable that neurogenesis plays a role in pattern separation and long-term relational memory. Further studies and especially reliable methods of ablation and detection are required for deeper insight into this issue.
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Methodological aspects of active place avoidance task
Bahník, Štěpán ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Němec, Pavel (referee)
The active place avoidance task represents one of the methods of the study of animal cognition. In this task, a subject is put on a rotating circular arena and avoids invisible sector that is stable with respect to the room. Rotation of the arena means that the subject's avoidance must be active, otherwise the subject would be moved in the punished sector by the rotation of the arena and a slight electric shock would be administered. The experiment described in the present work explored the effect of variable arena rotation speed on the ability to avoid the punished sector. Rats in a group with a variable arena rotation speed learned to avoid the punished sector with the same speed and attained the same ability to avoid the sector as rats in a group with a stable arena rotation speed. The only difference between the two groups was found in a preferred position within the room. No difference was found between the two groups in the dark phase, where the rats could not use orientation cues in the room. Only one rat was able to learn the avoidance of the punished sector in this phase. The results of the experiment suggest that idiothetic orientation and interval timing are not crucial for learning of the avoidance of the punished sector. However, idiothetic orientation is sufficient for the avoidance of the...
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Neurogenesis in the adult brain, its regulation and possible functions
Pištíková, Adéla ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Jiruška, Přemysl (referee)
In this thesis I examine neurogenesis in the adult brain. Neurogenesis takes place in two main neurogenic areas. One area is located at the side of the forebrain ventricle and the other in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The forebrain ventricle neurogenesis is important for olfactory discrimination and olfactory memory. In the hippocampus, its function is unclear, but there are several hypotheses about its possible significance. We assume it might function in pattern separation and also be involvedin preventing interference between memory traces. The last chapter I dedicate to the positive and negative regulation of neurogenesis. The manipulations enhancing neurogenesis include voluntary physical activity, enriched environment and SSRI antidepressants. The negative impact on neurogenesis is exerted among other factors by stress, irradiation and a cytostatic Temodal, which is used methodologiclly to block neurogenesis.
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Early diagnosis of memory disorders in neurodegenerative disease
Kadlecová, Alexandra ; Hort, Jakub (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Aleš (referee) ; Vymazal, Josef (referee)
lncreased incidence and prevalence of dementi a syndrome is related to ageing of the population. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer disease (AD), which represents serious health, social and economical burden to the society. Current diagnostic criteria and research of AD tend to make a diagnosis of AD at the earliest stages or the disease, when the likelihood to influence the course ofthe disease is the highest and extension of the period with high quality of life can be expected. AD begins by impairment or mediotemporal structures - amygdala and hippocampus. Atrophy in these critical brain structures is well detectable before the onset of dementia syndrome and can be manifested by Hrst clinical symptoms. Presented PhD thesis deals with detection of these early signs of AD - spatial disorientation, emotional agnosia and behavioural disturbances or patients with mild cognitive impairrnent, the condition understood as prodromal stage of AD. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Analysis of cognitive functions in recombinant inbred strains of rats produced by crossbreeding of SHR and BN Lx. lines
Hatalová, Hana ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Pravenec, Michal (referee)
This MSc. thesis deals with dissecting the link between memory, genetics, and metabolic syndrome. Memory is a very complex behavioral trait, probably influenced by innumerable factors. For this experiment HXB/BXH rat recombinant inbred lines (n= 30) and their parental strains (n=2) were used to be trained in the hippocampus dependant spatial learning task called Allothetic Active Place Avoidance. Rats were to memorize sector of a rotating circular arena, which they were to avoid, being motivated by receiving an electric shock upon entering the forbidden sector (4 training sessions; shock sector on the North, 1 retrieval session (no shock), and 3 reversal sessions, to-be-avoided sector facing South; each session 20-min long, retrieval 10-min). Control experiments to exclude impact of motor or sensory abnormalities were run in a form of open-field test and beam-walking test. Correlation with metabolic phenotypes was conducted in an online database of known HXB/BXH phenotypes (GeneNetwork.org). The results showed that differences in learning were significant between the groups (p<0.05); correlation analysis indicated no putative link between selected traits related to metabolic syndrome and memory in rats. The genetic analysis showed a suggestive locus on chromosome 20 for a learning parameter, and...
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Effects of memantine and riluzole on learning deficits in an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder induced by 8-OH-DPAT sensitization
Mainerová, Karolína ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Kelemen, Eduard (referee)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic psychiatric disease. It seriously limits the quality of life of patients. Treatment of OCD is not yet fully successful and still many patients are left with debilitating symptoms without functioning medication. Animal models of genetic, behavioral, pharmacological, and optogenetic origins are beneficial in the achievement of new understandings of the disease. Chronic sensitization of serotonin 1A and 7-receptors with an agonist 8-OH-DPAT ((8- hydroxy-2-(di-propylamino)-tetralin hydrobromide) induces perseverative and compulsive behaviors, which is considered to constitute an animal model of OCD. In this thesis, the 8-OH- DPAT model has been tested in the active place avoidance task on Carousel maze to provide information about the model on learning. Second, this model is used to determine, whether co- administration of memantine or riluzole alleviates the cognitive and learning deficits of this model. To uncover these effects, an active place avoidance task on a Carousel maze was used. Measured criteria were total distance, entrances to the shock sector, total number of shocks, and median speed after the shock. During habituation, the animals were sensitized to 8-OH-DPAT (with a control group that did not receive 8-OH-DPAT but only saline). In an...
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Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Radostová, Dominika ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Kopřivová, Jana (referee)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a widespread chronic psychiatric disorder, presenting itself with a wide range of symptoms. The heterogenity of OCD manifestations hinders the resarch and the interpretation of acquired results. Clinical studies are complemented by new insights collected from studies of animal models of OCD, which are nowdays integral to the resarch of OCD. During the course of the resarch many genetic, behavioral and pharmacologic animal models were developed. Number of works were not worked on further, however some models had been studied for a long time. Evaluation of individual models is dependant on many factors, and therefore the degree of validity and suitability for resarch differs between them. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Otimization of a dose of temozolomide for efficient reduction of adult neurogenesis in the laboratory rat
Pištíková, Adéla ; Stuchlík, Aleš (advisor) ; Jiruška, Přemysl (referee)
The goal of this study is to find an optimal dose of cytostatic Temozolomide (TMZ) for Long-Evans strain of rats. This dose should reduce neurogeneis while having a minimal pernicious health side-effects. Temozolomide is newly used to suppress neurogenesis but similarly to any other cytostatic has an effect on all dividing cells in an organism. This can affect health of an animal. Contrary to the mice, there was no systematic attempt to establish optimal dose. In our experiment rats were divided into four groups - one control group and three treatment groups which received different doses of temozolomide (10, 25, 40 mg/kg of TMZ). To detect level of neurogenesis cells were labeled by bromodeoxyuridine. During the experiment blood element counts were assessed, sensorimotoric tests were conducted, and weight increment was monitored. The results indicate that dose of 10mg/kg is adequate as it reduces neurogenesis by 64% compared to the control group and does not significantly differ from higher doses. In this group weight increment is comparable with the control group, while in the higher doses of TMZ weight increment is significantly lower. Effect of myelosupression is same for all treatment groups.
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Functional differentiation in the hippocampus
Vondráková, Kateřina ; Telenský, Petr (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Aleš (referee)
This work has been focused on anatomical and functional differentiation of the hippocampus. Hippocampus, as one of the most studied structures in the brain has an irreplaceable role in encoding, consolidation and recall of memories. In the early 20th century, Ramon y Cajal has divided hippocampus into 3 subregions, Ammon's horn (CA1-CA3 region), dentate gyrus and subiculum. Diferences in gene expresion, principal cell features and organization of connections with other structures suggests further division of the hippocampus according to septo-temporal axis, into ventral, dorsal and intermedial zone. Most importantly, the efects of impairment or inactivation of the individual subregions of the hippocampus, allow us to determine their prospective functions.
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