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Molecular mechanisms of sleep homeostasis
Dvořáková, Tereza ; Spišská, Veronika (advisor) ; Rydzyková, Tereza (referee)
Sleep is an essential physiological process driven by a circadian system with its main endogenous pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus (SCN) and by sleep homeostasis, a process reflecting time spent awake. This work is focused on basic characteristics of sleep, describes the two process model of sleep regulation and sleep homeostasis theory which connects synaptic plasticity with sleep. Next it describes the function and principles of the circadian system including the synthesis of melatonin and the principles of homeostatic sleep regulation. Within the sleep homeostasis, the focus is on the role of dopamine, prostaglandin D2 and especially adenosine. Next are discussed genes involved in sleep homeostasis and connecting it with synaptic plasticity. Last are mentioned alterations in homeostatic regulation of sleep in people suffering from depression and the final chapter focuses on the interactions between circadian and homeostatic process, particularly on the role of clock genes in sleep homeostasis. Key words: sleep, circadian system, sleep homeostasis, adenosine
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The effect of psychedelics on sleep
Šachová, Pavla ; Kopřivová, Jana (advisor) ; Spišská, Veronika (referee)
Recently, psychedelic drugs gain attention thanks to their potential to cure depressive disorders, anxious states or addiction. They are not causing addiction, they are not toxic and they trigger neuroplastic changes in tens of minutes or hours, which are essential for therapeutic purposes and positively correlates with an onset of antidepressant effect. Neuroplastic changes are simultaneously the connecting link between psychedelic state and sleep. In sleep the higher rate of neuroplasticity is markable during slow-wave sleep (SWS), which duration is getting shorter in patients with mental illness. The marker o neuroplasticity is slow-wave activity (SWA), which is getting higher not only in SWS, but also after intoxication with psychedelics or after long-time using of antidepressants. So the effect of psychedelics on sleep can be described as positive and inciting its therapeutical potential. The thesis is focused on ketamine which is the most recent one as for the topic of neuroplasticity and sleep.
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The effect of psychedelics on sleep
Šachová, Pavla ; Kopřivová, Jana (advisor) ; Spišská, Veronika (referee)
Recently, psychedelic drugs gain attention thanks to their potential to cure depressive disorders, anxious states or addiction. They are not causing addiction, they are not toxic and they trigger neuroplastic changes in tens of minutes or hours, which are essential for therapeutic purposes and positively correlates with an onset of antidepressant effect. Neuroplastic changes are simultaneously the connecting link between psychedelic state and sleep. In sleep the higher rate of neuroplasticity is markable during slow-wave sleep (SWS), which duration is getting shorter in patients with mental illness. The marker o neuroplasticity is slow-wave activity (SWA), which is getting higher not only in SWS, but also after intoxication with psychedelics or after long-time using of antidepressants. So the effect of psychedelics on sleep can be described as positive and inciting its therapeutical potential. The thesis is focused on ketamine which is the most recent one as for the topic of neuroplasticity and sleep.
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The monitoring of melatonin rhythm in monozygotic tweens as a marker of genetic control of circadian rhythmicity
Spišská, Veronika ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Svobodová, Irena (referee)
In human population, there are individual differences in the length of endogenous period which is generated by transcriptional-translational loops of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN). On the basis of these differences we divide people into the early, late or neither chronotype. Chronotypes differ from each other mainly in the rhythm of the hormone melatonin, which is used as a marker of endogenous period. They also differ in rhythm of locomotor activity. The aim of this study was to describe a difference in the phase of the circadian system in three pairs of monozygotic twins aged 8-10 years who live together and share the same daily routine. To describe these differences, we used a questionnaire CCTQ, melatonin radioimmunoassay and actigraphy. Acording to the questionnaire, one boy was determined as early chronotype (A3), one girl was determined as late chronotype (B3) and the other children were determined as neither chronotype (A2, B2, C2, C3). Among the twins there were marked differences both in the rhythm of melatonin and in the morning activity. These differences confirmed the chronotype assessed by questionnaire in the boy A3 and the girl B3. On the contrary, differences in melatonin rhythm did not confirm neither chronotype in siblings C2 and C3, and...
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The effect of melatonin for sleep regulation in humans with autism
Spišská, Veronika ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Kopřivová, Jana (referee)
Autism is, mainly in children, accompanied by a variety of sleep and circadian disorders. These disorders may be partly caused by problems in the synthesis of melatonin. This work is interested in sleep and circadian problems of children with autism and their possible treatment with exogenous melatonin. The paper presents the symptoms of autism and its causes, the basic principles of circadian system, the regulation of melatonin synthesis and the characteristics of sleep. The last chapter describes the changes in melatonin synthesis and disturbances in the production of other hormones (serotonin, cortisol). Sleep and circadian disorders in autistic individuals and their impact on other symptoms of autism such as communication and socialization are also listed in the last chapter. There are also cases of the treatment of sleep disorders in autistic children with melatonin reported. Treatment with melatonin improves sleep disorders and has almost no side effects. Key words: autism, circadian system, melatonin, sleep
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