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Theory of the Firm from the view of New Institutional Economics and some Aspects of Institutional Framework Quality in the Czech Republic
Vitík, Robert ; Sirůček, Pavel (advisor) ; Soukup, Jindřich (referee) ; Žák, Milan (referee) ; Mlčoch, Lubomír (referee)
This doctoral thesis presents the basic and the main developments of the theories of the firm rooted in Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). Since the article of Coase on the nature of the firm, this question has been elaborated by number of economists. In my point of view, I would like to introduce the last theory developed by the representative of the school called New Institutional Economics. The theory concentrates on the role of institutions. We distinguish institutions formal and informal. The formal are laws, constitution, regulations, contracts and other written rules. The informal don't require a written form and they represent informal restrictions such as rules of behaviour, conventions, traditions and habits. The main purpose of the institutions in their various forms is mainly to protect property rights, enforce voluntary contracts and establish the physical and regulatory infrastructure to facilitate economic activity. Generally, we can call them the rules of the game. They inform us about possible economic behaviour and give us basic restrictions in this sense. First -- the theoretical part of this thesis, we can find a simple model with human asset specificity based on TCT. The main proposition is that transactions with a high level of asset specificity are more probably internalised because the firm handles better such transactions compared to the market, even if asset specificity increases the cost of coordination in the firm. If the hierarchy, for example through the formation of routines, may enhance the efficiency compared to the market, we can modify the previous model. The model developed according to a Knowledge-based view assumes that asset specificity reduces transaction costs inside the firm and increases transaction costs on the market. In the conclusion of the theoretical part is discussed the reply on first formulate hypothesis if the TCT is still compatible with a newer Capability and Knowledge based view. In my opinion based on the presented arguments and views, both theories are compatible, they can answer more questions and explain more issues. The last step links the aforementioned theories into one Theory of firm boundaries. In the practical part of the thesis, I bring basic arguments about the institutional framework quality in the Czech Republic. These arguments rely on the latest studies of the international institutions such The Transparency International, The Heritage Foundation, The Kurtzman Group and mainly The World Bank. Studies reveal certain weak arrangements concerning for example the number of procedures when starting a business, complicated construction permits, rigidity of working hours, time-consuming and administrative demanding tax system, duration of judicial process which results in ineffective contract enforcement and mainly poor protection of property rights. Taking these disclosures into account we have to say that emergent transaction costs are enormous. These transaction costs influence negatively the competitiveness of the firms and the whole Czech economy. Therefore a negative response to the second hypothesis relating to the quality of the institutional framework in the Czech Republic.
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Fiscal policy of the Ukraine
Tomashevskyy, Volodymyr ; Soukup, Jindřich (advisor) ; Rusmichová, Lada (referee)
The subject of the diploma paper/dissertation "Fiscal policy of Ukraine" is the analysis of the development of fiscal policy of Ukraine and its influence on the economical situation of the state. At the beginning, in the first part, we briefly define fiscal policy, its goals, functions, forms and tools. The diploma paper then characterizes the budgetary scale of Ukraine focusing on the separate items of the state budget. In the last part, the experiental one, we analyse the periods of the development of fiscal policy in Ukraine from the year 1991 and the influence of the main measures of the Ukrainian government on the macroeconomical indices.
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Fiscal Policy of Russian Fedeartion
Makarov, Daniil ; Soukup, Jindřich (advisor) ; Rusmichová, Lada (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the fiscal policy of the Russian Federation. The first section describes the theoretical background of the issue, such as the basic definitions and relations concerning the fiscal policy of the state. The next section discusses the structure of the public budgets of Russia and its' dynamics during the last few years, which tends to be a very interesting topic, since it is possible to observe the impact of the global financial crisis and the government's response to this problem. The work continues with the analysis of the impact that the presidential campaigns can have on the state budget and how much the company can affect the country's revenues by reimbursing of the previously unpaid taxes. In the end the paper examines the government's key fiscal measures such as the creation of the stabilization fund and the change of rates of the value added tax.
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Currency pairs and their development
Kotrba, Lukáš ; Soukup, Jindřich (advisor) ; Makovský, Petr (referee)
The main objective of this work is to estimate and determinate methods to use when analyzing future development of exchange rate. The main goals have been achieved by a summary of past developements and listing of important elements that shaped the past and are shaping the present and also the future. Than followed the theoretical part, without that knowledge, we could not get through. I started from the definition of a currency pair, forex, macroeconomic effects, which are shapping the exchange rate more or less influence over the definitions of the market. This was followed by theoretical models of fundamental analysis, which aim to determine the exchange rate. I also added a technical analysis to fundamental analysis and in practical part. I fill real data in theoretical background and I try to determine the future exchange rate.
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Stínové ceny v české ekonomice
Sieber, Martina ; Kislingerová, Eva (advisor) ; Soukup, Jindřich (referee) ; Vlček, Josef (referee)
The doctorial thesis is focused on shadow pricing. The aim is to describe as complex and full description of the problem as possible. Briefly said, Shadow prices are prices of goods which would take a place on the efficient market, if such a market with the commodity existed. In the case of consumption benefits they in fact present monetary value of the utility increment resulted from additional consumption. They are basic information input into any socioeconomic evaluation. Research of shadow prices is underdeveloped in the Czech Republic. With respect to the fact the thesis contents description of basic theoretical concepts as well as list of attainable methods for shadow prices derivation. Main variables determining shadow prices (under condition of WTP, WTA and Social Opportunity Costs concepts) are the existed society welfare and social preferences. From this perspective if clear and evident that there would not be appropriate to use shadow prices conducted abroad for evaluation in the Czech economy. Each state has its own level of welfare as well as specific social and ethical values widespread among citizens and so specific shadow prices as well. Not just shadow prices them self are not simply applicable for evaluation in each country. Similar problem we have to face, if we try to use the same methods of deriving shadow prices in different areas. That is why the thesis also serves critical analysis of attainable methods and their assessment. Based on the assessment is stated, what methods are more or less appropriate and under which condition in the Czech area. In principal should shadow prices reflect Social Opportunity Costs of input usage for evaluated changes and Willingness to Pay of the society for the outputs of evaluated changes (or alternatively Willingness to Accept) with no respect to the fact if the good (or output or input) is market good or nonmarket good. Even though we differentiate in the methodological level between market and nonmarket good the theoretical and conceptual background is the same. The background is rooted in the neoclassical economics. For the practical reasons as a analyst time and budget constrain it is not too efficient in evaluation of marketed goods always perform deep empirical market analysis from primary data even though it would be theoretically ideal and correct. Fortunately we are usually not forced to do it. In majority of cases we can follow LMST methodology of shadow prices and derive so called Conversion Factors for transformation of market prices to shadow prices. The Conversion factors are usually derived for wider group of goods which is sold in the similar market. Such values we call Sector Conversion Factors. A Shadow price of an individual unique good we than receive by its market price multiplication by most appropriate sector conversion factor. With respect to current Czech evaluation practice situation, when sector conversion factor are very often used but their estimates are more less based on very poor quality of underlying theory and very often without sufficient data background, the quantification of SCF in the theses could be viewed as quite significant contribution. With respect to their specific characteristics nonmarket good as safety (VSL), time, noise, etc. should be valued separately. And the thesis is offering at least methodological contributive guidelines regarding theoretical validity and relevance as well as assessment of their applicability under Czech condition. For better imagination there is collected sample of results of selected externality values for foreign countries.
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Daňové systémy, daňová politika České republiky z pohledu zaměstnance
Lisková, Kateřina ; Soukup, Jindřich (advisor)
Práce se zabývá daňovými systémy se zaměřením na daň z příjmů fyzických osob. V teoretické části vysvětluje základní pojmy z oblasti daní, uvádí požadavky na daňový systém a daně podle stupně progrese. V aplikační části blíže popisuje progresivní a rovnou daň a porovnává zdanění práce v některých zemích. Dále analyzuje současnou situaci v oblasti osobní důchodové daně v Česku a nastiňuje její budoucí vývoj. V závěru hodnotí rovnou daň.
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Účetní a ekonomické pojetí zisku ve vzájemných souvislostech
Procházka, David ; Janhuba, Miloslav (advisor) ; Soukup, Jindřich (referee) ; Zelenka, Vladimír (referee)
Disertační práce je zaměřena na popis, analýzu a syntézu významných účetních a ekonomických teorií zisku, nalezení jejich společných znaků a posouzení možností jejich využitelnosti v účetní praxi. V reakci na pokračující globalizaci ekonomiky a rostoucí poptávku po kvalitních účetních informacích jsme svědky posunu tradičního účetního paradigmatu. Výsledkem je nový obsah účetního zisku, který se významně přibližuje zisku ekonomickému. Nový koncepční přístup, který je v souladu s ekonomickou i účetní teorií, ovšem představuje výrazný odklon od tradiční praxe.
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