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Coping strategies in medical students
Hrabě, Michal ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
The everyday-life of each student is filled with stress. Especially the study of medicine is very difficult and requires a great deal of ability to handle stress. Stress is physiological reaction of the organism leading to maintain its homeostasis, and coping with changing environmental conditions. This response includes both metabolic ganges and behavioral changes. Metabolic changes mean the mobilization of all energy sources and their distribution to the vital organs. Changes in behavior could be described as a strategies "fight-or-flight" and "tend-and-befriend". Both are based on the strategy to increase the chances of survival. The development of the cognitive functions led to transfer the stress reaction from physical to emotional level. Long-term emotional stress can lead to burn-out syndrome. The aim of this work is to map the situation of stress management about the students at the 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University. For these purposes, I used a questionnaire consisting of two parts: a questionnaire mapping degrese of discomfort felt by the students and questionnaire "The Proactive Coping Inventory" compiled by Šolcová, Lukavský and Greenglass of Institute of Psychology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic. Data were collected on 150 students. Only one of the pre-formulated hypotheses...
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Prevention of the mother to child transmission of HIV infection with emphasis on brestfeeding
Gojdič, Matej ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
The issue of transmission of HIV infection from mother to child is Currently, a high current . Testify statistical Data from WHO . By 2007 , the infected up to two and a half million children in the same year were added 420,000 new children's cases . The sad fact is, in particular , that the Already succumbed to AIDS 330,000 children and the death toll continues to increase steadily . One objective of my work was summarized by available knowledge of the possibilities of vertical transmission of HIV , with an emphasis on breastfeeding on the factors affecting the transmission and the degree of risk for the child . In addition, efforts trying sprehľadniť international , governmental and non-governmental organizations in the fight against transmission of HIV virus from mother to child placenta , parturition , no particular breastfeeding. A further object of the work is to identify the epidemiological situation in Czech Republic with respect to the vertical transmission of HIV infection , clarify the preventive actions applied to clinical practice reality on the Czech territory and optionally disclose their success . I hope the following will fill the lines sketched Metz and highlight on that page so appreciable and bulky issues , such HIV / AIDS .
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Growth Assessment of Infants and Growth Charts for Breastfed Children
Dobrovolná, Alena ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
This paper discusses the importance of regular monitoring of individual growth of children and the use of current growth charts in practice. It also deals with the introduction of graphs that have been constructed on the basis of measured exclusively breastfed healthy children , and the replacement of the current growth charts , constructed on the basis of measuring the population of children in both suckling and artificial nourished . Graphs for breastfed infants may serve as arguments against the possibility of promoting artificial milk formulas for infants and breastfeeding , which is optimal infant feeding for at least 6 months of age . It is an effort to prevent premature introduction of artificial milk formula and complementary foods among others, as prevention obesity and weight gain in later life . Regular monitoring of growth using growth charts allows early diagnosis of diseases associated with impaired growth and perhaps even a few years before the clinical onset of the disease , which can prevent possible complications in the course of these diseases. The aim of the study was to describe the importance of breastfeeding as a natural child nutrition and its physiological growth. It also describes the importance of the proper use and interpretation growth charts in practice , and the need for...
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Contamination of powdered infant formula by Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella
Costa, Carolina Isabel Maia Azevedo ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
Powdered infant formula is not a sterile product and it has been shown to be a common vehicle for the transmission of pathogens to a specific group of infants, particularly Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella which are implicated in several outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and salmonellosis, with a mortality rate around 20%. The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF, 2002) classified E. sakazakii as "severe risk for a restricted population, representing a threat of death or chronic sequels of long duration". From the age distribution of the reported cases, it is deduced that the population at risk are the infants under one year old, especially premature and low-birth weight infants, as well as the immunocompromised and those born from HIV + mothers. The infant formula can become contaminated through the raw ingredients used in the production of the formula, through contamination of the formula after pasteurization or through contamination of the reconstituted formula used by the caregivers at the hospital or at home prior to feeding. From the powdered infant formulas, sources of contamination can accumulate in bottles and utensils used on the preparation of feeding bottles, facilitating the dissemination of the bacteria. Thus, although...
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Contamination of powdered infant formula by Enterobacter sakazakii and other pathogens
Selmer, Arne ; Schneidrová, Dagmar (advisor)
Contamination of powdered infant formula by Enterobacter sakazakii and other pathogens will be considered in the following text with a description of the bacteria and their route of contamination as well as their pathological sequels together with preventive measures. E.sakazakii is a gram negative rod within the family Enterobacteriaceae. E. sakazakii in powdered infant formula has been implicated in outbreaks with sepsis, and infections of the central nervous system causing meningitis, cysts, brain abscess and necrotizing enterocolitis. Mortality has been reported to be as high as 50% but has decreased to less than 20% in the recent years. For those who survive subsequent developmental delay and hydrocephalus is a well recognized sequels. Enterobacter species are biochemically similar to Klebsiella, but unlike Klebsiella, it has has been found to be more resistant to osmotic and dry stress. Although exact virulence mechanisms are unknown, it is known that a small percentage of E.sakazakii cells can survive for extended periods in dehydrated powdered infant formula. While the organism has been detected in different types of food, only powdered infant formula has been linked to outbreaks of diseases. Disease caused by E. sakazakii in infants has been associated with the consumption of commercially prepared...
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